Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research

Original Article Pressurized Irrigation Systems

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Monitoring Program on Operation and Maintenance for Modern Irrigation Systems: A Case Study of Arak and Shazand Cities

Mustafa Goodarzi; Saber Zolfaghari

Volume 27, Issue 103 , September 2026, Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2026.373925.1658

Abstract

Extended AbstractIntroductionPressurized irrigation systems are increasingly used to improve water management and reduce water losses in agricultural production, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. However, the expected benefits of these systems cannot be achieved solely through appropriate ... Read More Extended AbstractIntroductionPressurized irrigation systems are increasingly used to improve water management and reduce water losses in agricultural production, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. However, the expected benefits of these systems cannot be achieved solely through appropriate design and installation. Their long-term performance also depends on proper operation, preventive maintenance, timely technical support, and continuous monitoring during the service life of the system. Inadequate operation and maintenance may gradually alter hydraulic conditions, reduce the effectiveness of water application, and lead to deterioration in the overall condition of irrigation systems. In addition, farmers and system operators need adequate technical knowledge and continued access to professional support to maintain the systems under field conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in selected technical indicators of pressurized irrigation systems following the implementation of an operation and maintenance monitoring program and to assess farmers’ perceptions of the factors contributing to successful long-term operation and maintenance of these systems.MethodologyThe study was conducted in Arak and Shazand counties of Markazi Province, Iran. A total of 30 pressurized irrigation systems were selected for field evaluation, including 20 systems in Arak and 10 systems in Shazand. The systems were evaluated repeatedly at four measurement stages consisting of the initial technical supervision stage and three subsequent follow-up stages during the cropping season. Two field-based technical indicators were used to assess the condition of the irrigation systems: operating pressure and soil water content. Operating pressure was measured using a pressure gauge and expressed as meters of water head. These two indicators were selected because operating pressure provides an important indication of the hydraulic operating condition of pressurized irrigation systems, while soil water content provides information about the resulting moisture condition of the root-zone soil following irrigation. In addition to the field measurements, a structured questionnaire was administered to the operators of the evaluated irrigation systems. The questionnaire consisted of 24 items and was designed to assess farmers’ perceptions of factors affecting the successful operation and maintenance of pressurized irrigation systems. Responses were recorded using a five-point Likert scale. The content of the questionnaire was reviewed by experts in irrigation and operation and maintenance of pressurized irrigation systems. Field data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Measurement stage was considered the within-system factor, whereas county was considered the between-system factor. Where appropriate, pairwise comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni adjustment to control the probability of Type I error associated with multiple comparisons.Results and Discussion The results showed that the mean operating pressure of the evaluated irrigation systems was 42.33 m of water head at the initial technical supervision stage. The corresponding values at the first, second, and third follow-up stages were 39.73, 40.30, and 39.97 m, respectively. Thus, operating pressure showed an overall decline after the initial supervision stage, although the values remained relatively stable across the three subsequent follow-up stages. Repeated-measures analysis indicated a statistically significant effect of measurement stage on operating pressure, demonstrating that operating pressure changed over the monitoring period. However, the overall difference between Arak and Shazand counties was not statistically significant. Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons showed that the pressure at the initial supervision stage was significantly higher than the pressure recorded at the second and third follow-up stages. In contrast, the difference between the initial supervision stage and the first follow-up stage was not statistically significant. Furthermore, none of the differences among the three follow-up stages was statistically significant. These results suggest that although some reduction in operating pressure occurred following the initial supervision, the pressure conditions were comparatively stable during the subsequent monitoring stages.Soil water content also showed an overall declining tendency. The mean soil water content decreased from 27.51% at the initial supervision stage to 26.47%, 26.83%, and 25.72% at the first, second, and third follow-up stages, respectively. The repeated-measures analysis showed no statistically significant overall difference between Arak and Shazand counties. The results therefore indicate that the general temporal pattern of soil water content was similar in the two counties. Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons indicated that the significant difference was primarily observed between the initial supervision stage and the first follow-up stage, whereas the subsequent pairwise differences were not statistically significant. An important finding was the increase in variability in soil water content toward the third follow-up stage. This increase may indicate greater heterogeneity among irrigation systems or differences in management conditions among operators. However, because spatial variability, irrigation discharge, application uniformity, and detailed soil characteristics were not independently evaluated, the underlying causes of this variability cannot be determined from the present data.The questionnaire results provided complementary information concerning farmers’ perceptions of operation and maintenance. The highest percentage score was obtained for operation management (83.33%), followed by technical recommendations (70.33%). The scores for operator training, increased productivity, and water saving were 56.67%, 46.67%, and 41.33%, respectively. These results indicate relatively high perceived performance in operation management and technical recommendations, while training, productivity, and water saving received comparatively lower scores.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that the operation and maintenance monitoring program was associated with relatively stable hydraulic and soil-moisture conditions during the follow-up period, although both operating pressure and soil water content showed an overall declining tendency after the initial supervision stage. The results support the importance of moving from a one-time supervision approach toward a continuous operation and maintenance support system. Periodic technical inspections, follow-up visits, preventive maintenance, operator training, and routine monitoring of key indicators such as operating pressure and soil water content can help identify potential changes in system condition at an early stage. Nevertheless, because the study did not include an independent control group and did not directly measure indicators such as discharge, distribution uniformity, application efficiency, or water productivity, the findings should be interpreted as evidence of changes in selected technical indicators rather than direct proof of improvements in overall irrigation efficiency. Future studies should incorporate a broader range of hydraulic, agronomic, and economic indicators and, where possible, include control systems to provide stronger evidence regarding the causal effectiveness of continuous monitoring and technical supervision programs. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and publication of this article. FundingThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article. Data Availability StatementsAll relevant data and results supporting the findings of this study are presented within the article. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author ContributionAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by all authors. All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the article and writing of the original and subsequent drafts.AcknowledgementThe authors sincerely appreciate the cooperation and assistance of the farmers and irrigation-system operators who participated in this study, the technical experts and supervisors of the pressurized irrigation systems, and the management and technical staff of Arak and Shazand agricultural jihad centers for their valuable support during the fieldwork and data collection.

Investigation of Specific Energy Stability in Converging Side Weirs with Guiding Structures

Volume 26, Spring , April 2025, , Pages 18-1

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2025.368890.1610

Abstract

IntroductionSide weirs are widely used hydraulic structures in irrigation, drainage, and flood control systems. These structures allow excess water to be diverted from the main channel, helping to manage flow capacity effectively. In converging channels, the presence of guiding structures, such as flow ... Read More IntroductionSide weirs are widely used hydraulic structures in irrigation, drainage, and flood control systems. These structures allow excess water to be diverted from the main channel, helping to manage flow capacity effectively. In converging channels, the presence of guiding structures, such as flow deflectors, can influence the hydraulic performance of side weirs. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of guiding structures to enhance discharge capacity. However, uncertainties persist regarding the impact of convergence and added structures on specific energy variations in the main channel. The classical assumption of spatially varied flow with lateral outflow suggests that specific energy remains constant along the weir. This study aims to evaluate the validity of this assumption in converging channels with guiding structures by investigating specific energy variations using numerical simulations. MethodologyA three-dimensional numerical model was developed using FLOW-3D to simulate flow over a converging side weir. The experimental setup by Maranzoni et al., (2017) was used as a reference for model validation. The numerical domain consisted of a converging channel with a side weir, and guiding structures were placed on the weir crest at three different longitudinal positions (upstream, middle, and downstream) with installation angles of 60°, 90°, and 120° relative to the horizontal.The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were solved using the RNG k-ε turbulence model. Boundary conditions included a specified flow rate at the inlet, a pressure outlet at the downstream boundary, and wall conditions for the channel boundaries. Grid independence was ensured by testing different mesh resolutions, with the final model consisting of approximately 1.5 million cells. The numerical model was validated against experimental data, with a maximum simulation error of less than 4%. Results and DiscussionThe numerical results showed that guiding structures influenced specific energy variations along the weir. The middle position of the weir exhibited the least change in specific energy (0.8%) , making it the optimal location for installing guiding structures. In contrast, upstream and downstream placements resulted in greater energy variations, with mean differences of 1.17% and 1.37%, respectively.The effect of installation angle on specific energy variations was negligible. Across different angles, the mean variation ranged from 1.03% to 1.22%, indicating that the angle of installation had little impact on energy conservation. The influence of the inflow Froude number was also examined. For Froude numbers below 0.3, specific energy variations remained under 0.5%. As the Froude number increased to 0.45, energy variations reached 1.6%, which is still within an acceptable range. These findings suggest that specific energy variations are more sensitive to the location of guiding structures than their installation angle.The results confirm that the classical assumption of constant specific energy in spatially varied flow with lateral outflow holds even in converging channels with guiding structures. Although minor deviations were observed, they were within acceptable limits for practical applications. ConclusionsIn this study, by comparing the simulation results with experimental data, it was found that the model used for simulating flow over side weirs possesses high accuracy and reliably predicts the actual performance of these structures. One of the key aspects of this research is the accurate simulation of side weirs in converging channels. Despite numerous studies in this area, especially in recent years, certain aspects of the design and hydraulic behavior of these types of weirs still require more detailed investigation and numerical modeling.The findings of this study demonstrated that the classical concept of specific energy stability in gradually varied flow with decreasing discharge remains valid even under converging conditions and in the presence of guiding structures. The average difference in specific energy between the upstream and downstream of the weir in all simulations was 1.24%. Additionally, the influence of the Froude number on the increase in specific energy variations was clearly observed. However, within the range of Froude numbers less than 0.5, which is typically dominant in irrigation and drainage channels, specific energy variations did not exceed 3%.Finally, for future research, it is recommended to investigate the effects of factors such as the crest height of the side weir, the presence of orifices within the weir structure, and the influence of supercritical flow regimes on specific energy variations along side weirs, in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of their hydraulic behavior. AcknowledgementWe are grateful to the Research Council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz for financial support (GN: SCU.WH1402.31370).

Issues and Challenges of Participatory Management and Sustainable Irrigation Management Transfer in Iran

Volume 25, Issue 95 , October 2024, , Pages 110-93

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2024.366787.1588

Abstract

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) and at utmost level irrigation management transfer (IMT) are processes that have been carried out in the water sector of most countries all around the world for more than two decades. In Iran, such activities have also been carried out in different aspects including ... Read More Participatory irrigation management (PIM) and at utmost level irrigation management transfer (IMT) are processes that have been carried out in the water sector of most countries all around the world for more than two decades. In Iran, such activities have also been carried out in different aspects including mainstreaming of its literature; entering it into the programs, laws, and macro-level policies, the establishment of a few number of Water Users Associations (WUA), and implementing PIM on a limited scale and in some pilot projects in recent years. According to surveys, the process of this issue in the country has been slow, scattered and has faced different problems and challenges. The review of scientific sources and the investigation and analysis carried out for the problem finding regarding the subject in this study indicate that the implementation of the PIM and IMT programs have various issues and challenges in Iran, which important ones are:1) issues of being in charge of the matter, 2) lack of necessary coordination, parallel work and interference of different agencies in each other's affairs 3) absence or lack of necessary determination and will regarding the issue despite its importance and different emphasis in the laws and macro-level documents, 4) the long time passed and the necessity of various changes in the structure of water management due to the growing crisis of water shortage in the country, 5) centralization and not having or not giving the necessary place to WUA from the aspects of the structure, the description of duties and authorities and their ultimate independence, 6) weaknesses in the empowerment of WUA and necessary facilitations for their formation and sustainability, 7) lack of necessary infrastructures and inconvenience of work from various aspects such as non-volumetric delivery of water, closure and or non-implementation of some related laws and regulations, indecision of the relevant organization in doing their work, and competition of water distribution companies to create WUA and relevant conflict of interest issues, 8) lack of necessary research and field studies regarding the issue, 9) the emergence of new challenges in the objectives of the subject and the introduction of some new terms in the discourse of the definition of WUA, specifically in Iran, such as the introduction of the term “land use” into the topic, i.e., calling it as water and land exploitation associations instead of just WUA, and 10) special issues and challenges in the creation and stability of well or underground water users associations (W-WUA). A lot of time (more than three decades) has passed since the introduction of PIM to the scientific and executive literature on water management. There is a long pause in its complete and effective implementation in Iran. During this period some new debates in the country's water management such as creating local water markets, water accounting, water reallocation, etc., have emerged. Moreover, the growing shortage of water resources and the issues of climate change over this period bring the continuation of PIM in the country into a new field and environment. All these necessitate newer studies for revisions in PIM and IMT implementation methods and approaches by taking into account the socio-cultural issues of the regions and on a case-by-case basis.

Estimation of crop water requirement and actual evapotranspiration using satellite images to improve volumetric water delivery in irrigation and drainage networks (case study: Mahabad irrigation and drainage network, West Azerbaijan province

Volume 24, Issue 93 , June 2024, , Pages 42-23

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2024.363930.1566

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Due to the location of Iran in arid and semi-arid regions and according to the quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources, optimal management and volumetric delivery of water is important in irrigation and drainage networks. In this regard, it is necessary ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Due to the location of Iran in arid and semi-arid regions and according to the quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources, optimal management and volumetric delivery of water is important in irrigation and drainage networks. In this regard, it is necessary to estimate the water requirement of crops accurately and to provide adequate water to farmers. Remote sensing technology provides facilities that can be used to obtain different layers of information at the lowest cost in the fastest time. Accordingly, many researchers have used remote sensing data to monitor vegetation cover, provide land use maps, estimate crop evapotranspiration and have declared this technology as appropriate tool for such studies. Based on the previous studies, it is observed that low researches has been conducted to investigate the crop evapotranspiration considering the crop water requirement. Therefore, the most important aims of this study are as follows: providing the cropping pattern and land use maps using Sentinel 2 satellite images, determination of the water requirement for the delivery points of irrigation network, determination of the actual evapotranspiration of the crop cover using SEBAL algorithm and Landsat 8’s images, and evaluation of the water supply and management in the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network. Methodology In order to determine the cropping pattern of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network, Sentinel 2 images have been used related to the 2018-2019 cropping year. The images were examined in terms of the region of syudy and the percentage of cloudiness and after selecting the appropriate images, pre-processing operations including radiometric and atmospheric corrections were applied on them. Then, the NDVI index was calculated based on selected images. After determination of the classes, the phenological cycle of crops were examined for each class and spectral pattern of crops was determined during the growing season. Training samples were selected for supervised classification using the existing maps, Google Earth images, creating images with false color composites and considering the growth pattern and some of them were also considered for validation of the classified map. Then, the cropping pattern map was obtained by using the SVM classification algorithm. After generating the crop classification map, the water requirement of the different classes was determined based on the Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method, applying plant coefficients and irrigation application efficiency at the volumetric water delivery points. Finally, the actual evapotranspiration rate of the study area calculated based on the SEBAL algorithm and compared with the net water requirement map. Results and Discussion Based on the results, kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of the classified map were determined to be 0.953 and 91%, respectively. The area of the planted agricultural farms was equal to 10594 hectares and 1576 hectares of farms were without planting. The area of orchard farms was equal to 6786 hectares and the area of sugar beet, wheat, alfalfa and corn lands were 998, 1839, 693 and 278 hectares, respectively. Thus, the net irrigation water requirement was equal to 71 million cubic meters and the gross irrigation water requirement was calculated equal to 161.36 million cubic meters, considering the irrigation efficiency of 44%. On the other hand, the evaluation of the SEBAL evapotranspiration maps during the growing season indicated that the total amount of evapotranspiration was equal to 79.78 million cubic meters, and this amount was 14% higher than the net irrigation water requirement. Finally, according to the crop classification map and based on the comparison of the net irrigation water requirement and evapotranspiration maps, the water consumption in the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network was evaluated. It turned out that in the upstream farms of the network or close to the Mahabad River, the Water consumption was more than net water requirement and downstream areas were faced to deficit irrigation due to lack of sufficient water. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, it was observed that by using the capabilities of satellite images and remote sensing, it is possible to monitor and evaluate the condition of agricultural farms on a large scale with acceptable accuracy. Also it is possible to improve the management of water supply and water use efficiency in irrigation and drainage networks by creating up-to-date land use maps, determining net and gross irrigation water requirement and comparing with actual evapotranspiration maps.

The Impact of Temperature Increase on Monthly Trends in Snow Cover, Depth, and Water Equivalent, and the Threats to Drinking and Agricultural Resources; A Case Study of Hamadan Province

Volume 24, Issue 93 , June 2024, , Pages 78-61

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2024.365660.1580

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Snow is an important source for water supply in the agricultural sector, electricity production, groundwater reserves, and rivers. This natural resource is important since it stores water in winter with low demand and releases it in hot seasons with high demand. Melted ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Snow is an important source for water supply in the agricultural sector, electricity production, groundwater reserves, and rivers. This natural resource is important since it stores water in winter with low demand and releases it in hot seasons with high demand. Melted snow flow can be very useful in low-water seasons. In arid and semi-arid regions, snow is considered a basic source of fresh water. Significant spatiotemporal changes in distribution of snow on the scale of a basin can be important in determining the time and amount of snow melting in spring. These changes can increase the probability of drought and runoff. Therefore, snow cover plays an important role in the study of hydrological processes and climate changes. Snow cover is sensitive to temperature and environmental changes and can be a good indicator for local and global climate changes. The lack of sufficient and correct information about snow reserves can lead to inappropriate use of water resulting from snow melting and, as a result, irreparable damages. Therefore, measuring the surface covered by snow and its water equivalent, along with other information such as snow density, especially in areas where snow accounts for a large share of precipitation, is essential for resource planning and management. However, it is not possible to measure it in many areas due to harsh environmental conditions. Also, the data measured at one point cannot be generalized to a wide area of a basin. Thus, the use of satellite images can be considered as one of the methods of investigating spatial and temporal changes in distribution of snow in a region. The use of these images is much more economical and efficient, compared to the point data of ground stations, due to the high coverage and the ability to take pictures of an area at different times with high accuracy. Hamadan is one of the provinces with a lot of snowfall in Iran, whose economy is largely dependent on agriculture, and snowfall plays a significant role in supplying the water needed for agriculture and drinking. However, there is no research on the temporal changes of snow cover in this province and its relation with changes in important climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation. Considering the effect of climate change on changes in snowfall over time, the aim of this study was to investigate the temporal distribution of snow cover in the province of Hamedan during 1982-2023. For this purpose, the data of snow cover, snow depth and snow water equivalent in different months of the year were estimated using satellite images obtained from the FLDAS product. Then, the increasing or decreasing trend of these data was determined. Finally, their correlation with meteorological parameters of temperature and precipitation was obtained. Materials and methods To obtain the monthly values of snow cover (SC), snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow depth (SDepth) from January 1982 to December 2023, the FLDAS (Famine Early Warning Systems Network—FEWS NET—Land Data Assimilation System) product from the Noah 3.6.1 Land Surface model was used. This product is at latitude 90° to -60° and longitude 180° to -180° with a spatial resolution of 0.1°×0.1° in netCDF format and its images are available monthly from January 1982 until now. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to investigate the increasing, decreasing or constant trend of the data during specific time intervals in the period. The Theil-Sen slope was used to calculate the slope of the trends. The correlation of the temporal distribution of snow cover with the two meteorological parameters of temperature and precipitation was determined using the Pearson's method. Results and discussion The results showed that the year 1982 with a total of 41043.04 km2 had the highest and the year 2021 with a total of 4048.12 km2 had the lowest SC. These data indicated a 90.13 percent decrease in SC in 42 years, which is understandable considering the 35.08 percent increase in the mean temperature (from 9.49 to 12.82 ºC) in this period. The monthly average of SC in this period showed that there was no snow cover from May to October, and in April and November it was very insignificant and negligible compared to in January, February, March and December. Among these four months, January had the highest average SC. According to the Mann-Kendall test, the trends of SC, SWE and SDepth was decreasing in all the four months of January, February, March and December. Temperature and precipitation values had increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. According to the Theil-Sen slope test, SC had the steepest and gentlest decreasing slope in January and December, respectively. In the case of SWE and SDepth, the steepest decreasing slope was related to February, and the gentlest decreasing slope occurred in December. The increase in temperature had the gentlest slope in the two consecutive months of December and January, and the steepest slope in the two consecutive months of February and March. The steepest and gentlest slope of decrease in precipitation occurred in March and February, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient values indicated that SC, SWE and SDepth had inverse correlation with temperature and direct correlation with precipitation. Overall, SC, SWE, and SDepth were more correlated with temperature than with precipitation, especially in February and March when temperature was higher than in December and January. Conclusion In this study, using the satellite images obtained from the FLDAS product, the data of snow cover, snow water equivalent and snow depth were obtained in the province of Hamedan for the 42-year period of 1982-2023. The results showed a significant decrease in the snow cover during this period, which was expected due to the climate change and temperature increase. The snow cover, snow water equivalent and snow depth had decreasing trends. The trends of the two climatic parameters, temperature and precipitation, were increasing and decreasing, respectively. The steepest and gentlest slope of the decrease in snow cover occurred in January and December, respectively. There was an inverse correlation of snow cover, snow water equivalent and snow depth with temperature, and a direct correlation with precipitation. In general, the correlation of snowfall parameters with temperature, especially in warmer months, was more than their correlation with precipitation.

Meta-analysis of the Effect of Planting Patterns and Irrigation Systems on Potato Yield and Water Productivity

Volume 24, Issue 93 , June 2024, , Pages 100-79

https://doi.org/10.22092/idser.2024.365362.1576

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Potato is a plant with a lot of nutritional value that is cultivated and produced in more than 150 countries of the world. Potato production of this product is increasing, due to the high adaptability to different climate conditions in the world. The annual global production ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Potato is a plant with a lot of nutritional value that is cultivated and produced in more than 150 countries of the world. Potato production of this product is increasing, due to the high adaptability to different climate conditions in the world. The annual global production of potato is 310 million ton, which is obtained from 23 million ha of agricultural land in the world. The cultivated area of potato in Iran in the crop year of 2017-2018 was 154000 ha with the production of more than 5 million tons. In total, 55% of the cultivated area and about 60% of the annual production belong to Hamedan, Ardabil, Isfahan, Kordestan, East Azarbaijan and Lorestan provinces. Studies on the effect of planting patterns on yield and water productivity in potato production have a long history at the international and national levels. It is difficult to draw general conclusions and recommendations for the application of appropriate treatments due to the differences in treatments and research findings. Therefore, the objective of this study was to apply a meta-analysis approach to summarize the results of several investigations on the effect of planting patterns on yield and water productivity in potato production. Methodology Several scientific papers published by international and national researchers on potato planting patterns were reviewed, screened, and analyzed. Control and experimental treatments have been applied in studies on the investigation of the effect of planting patterns on yield and water productivity in potato production. The spacing of potato planting rows in different experiments including 60, 75, 120, and 150 cm has been reported as a single-row and/or two-row under drip and/or sprinkler irrigation systems. The steps of meta-analysis are briefly described below. A) The intensity of relationships between variables cannot be determined by statistics or statistical tests. Therefore, it is necessary to apply effect measurement indicators. One of these indicators is the effect ratio index (R). The effect ratio (R) is obtained from the ratio of the average traits measured in the research treatment to the average traits in the control treatment. These traits included yield and water productivity in potato production. B) The percentage of changes in the traits resulting from the experimental treatment (CH %) compared to the control treatment is obtained from the following relationship: Results and Discussion The average yield of potatoes was 33000 kg ha-1 and water productivity was 5.46 kg m-3 in the control treatment with row spacing of 75 cm. The combined results showed that increased yield by changing the planting spacing from 75 cm to 60 cm 33%, to 120 cm 18%, and to 150 cm 8%, respectively. While the application of planting spacing treatments on water productivity was not statistically significant. Minor positive effects were observed compared to the effect of the control treatment. The highest positive effect was in the planting spacing of 60 cm (10%). Changes in yield and water productivity in two-row cultivations compared to single-row under the drip system decreased by 7%, while increased yield and water productivity were 4.6% and 16% under the sprinkler system, respectively. Conclusion The findings on the effect of planting patterns on yield and water productivity in potato production, have a lot of diversity and variance results. Therefore, the optimal planting patterns in potato production has not been determined. Meta-analysis, as a powerful approach, has led to precise findings to integrate the findings of planting patterns researches under different irrigation systems. In this study, statistical comparisons were made between potato planting rows from 60, 75, 120 and 150 cm as one and two- row under drip and sprinkle irrigation systems based on potato yield and water productivity. In the control treatment with row spacing of 75 cm, the yield and water productivity averaged 33000 kg ha-1 and 5.46 kg m-3, respectively. The findings showed that the increase in yield by changing the distance from 75 cm to 60 cm was reported by 33%, to 120 cm by 18% and to 150 cm by 8%. The effect of planting distance treatments on water productivity was not statistically significant. However, partial positive effects were observed compared to the control treatment. The highest positive effect (10%) was in distance of 60 cm. Changes in yield and water productivity in two-row patterns compared to one- row with drip system decreased by 7% and with sprinkle system, yield increased by 4.6% and water productivity by 16%.

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