Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Analysis of the Dimensions of Farmers' Resilience to Drought Crisis Using Content Analysis Method

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Institute of Agricultural Education and Extension, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Undoubtedly, drought is one of the most complex and major natural hazards that can affect many economic sectors and reduce both water availability and water quality necessary for productive agriculture. Globally, most freshwater (around 70 percent) is used by the agricultural sector, and in the future, demand for agricultural freshwater will increase. However, due to population growth and the need for food security, coupled with the decline in available water resources caused by over-extraction of water resources, drought, and climate change, water scarcity has become one of the challenges of the agricultural sector. In Iran, the agricultural sector, as one of the most important economic activities, is heavily dependent on water resources; however, due to drought and mismanagement of water resources, it faces serious challenges in ensuring sustainable agricultural water resources, which are leading to an unprecedented crisis in the water sector. To manage this crisis, in addition to the role of government institutions, farmers and local communities must have the ability to adapt to climate change and drought, and resilience capabilities. During the drought period, farms that had enough resilience capabilities were able to continue their activities, which could lead to the sustainability of the agricultural and rural sector. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research was to analyze the dimensions of farmers' resilience to drought and water crisis in the agricultural sector of Iran.
 Methodology
In this study, the content analysis method was used to analyze the dimensions of farmers' resilience to drought. To conduct the research, the following steps were taken: 1) Identifying the main problem and research objectives; 2) Selecting the samples or texts; 3) Defining, coding, and categorizing semantic units; 4) Assessing the reliability of the results; and 5) Interpreting the findings. The aim of content analysis in this study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the "components of farmers' resilience to drought and water crises in the agriculture sector". The sampling framework involved reviewing papers in this research field (published in scientific journals between 2008 and 2024). Accordingly, 112 papers were identified, out of which 78 papers were directly relevant to the research topic. Finally, each selected paper was assigned a code. The third step involved defining semantic units and coding them. Accordingly, words, sentences, and paragraphs were considered as semantic units. These units were then coded with a short phrase. Subsequently, subcategories and categories were formed by summarizing the coded concepts. In the fourth step, to ensure the reliability of the results, researcher triangulation was used. In the final step, the findings were interpreted by comparing subcategories and categories and referring back to the data.
 Results and Discussion
Based on the analysis of selected papers, five categories and 63 concepts were identified and extracted in the context of the farmers' resilience to drought and water crisis in the agricultural sector, that were summarized into five categories, including: "economic capital," "social capital," "human capital," "physical and infrastructural capital," and "natural capital". The research findings indicated that, regarding economic capital, "diversification of economic activities and job opportunities in rural areas" and "access to bank facilities" were in the highest ranks; in relation to social capital, "cooperation, participation, and group and collective activities" and "membership in associations, cooperatives, organizations, credit funds, etc. for managing drought crisis" were in the highest ranks; Concerning human capital "participation in extension courses" and "awareness of the drought crisis and its consequences" were in the highest ranks; regarding physical and infrastructure capital, "access to welfare, infrastructural, and development services" and "use of technical and infrastructural equipment" were in the highest ranks; and finally regarding natural capital "using appropriate and modern irrigation management methods" and "using modern methods in production and crops improvement" were in the highest ranks.
 Conclusions
For success in the field of farmers' resilience to drought, all the mentioned dimensions must be addressed simultaneously and through a comprehensive approach, because many of these components interact with each other and can either strengthen or weaken one another. Hardware and software requirements, technical and infrastructural aspects, and education and awareness should be considered alongside the involvement of local communities and formal and informal organizations. A one-dimensional approach cannot yield desirable results. Although some dimensions of resilience have been studied and examined less than others, which does not indicate their lesser importance compared to other dimensions, on the other hand, examining the direct and indirect effects and consequences of these dimensions is sometimes challenging. Finally, farmers' resilience to drought and water crisis and the development of resilient behaviors in farmers and local communities require the availability of necessary infrastructure and special support. This is a cross-sectoral and inter-ministerial issue, and serious decisions need to be made in the legislative, policy-making, and supervisory sectors.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Abedi Sarvestani, A., Ghorbani, K. &Khaksar Moghaddam, G. (2018). Studying the methods of drought coping by farmers (case study: Shirvan County of Northern Khorasan Province). Geography and Sustainability of Environment. 28: 13-31. (In Persian).
Afrakhteh, H., Azizpur, F., Tahmasebi, A. & Sulaimany, A. (2015). Rural adaptation strategies to drought, case study: Pshtang Village in Ravansar township. Journal of Environmental crisis Management. 2(3): 341-354. (In Persian).
Aguilar, F.X., Hendrawan, D., Cai, Z., Roshetko, J.M. & Stallmann, J. (2022). Smallholder farmer resilience to water scarcity. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 24: 2543–2576.
Ahmadyoosefi, R., Choobchian, S. & Chizari, M. (2021). Investigating the implementation of drought crisis management programs in Kerman Province. Journal of Emergency Management. 10(2): 157-166. (In Persian).
Aivazidou, E. (2022). Water management in agriculture and industry: Challenges, trends, and opportunities. Sustainability. 14(66). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010066
Akbarian ronizi, S.R. & Ramezanzadeh Lasboyee, M. (2019). Farmers’ resilience against drought with an emphasis on economic factors and social capital in rural areas: a case study of Roniz in Estahban County. Journal of Rural Research. 10(2): 230-243. (In Persian).
Akhgari, M. & Ghasemian Moghadam, A. (2023). Prioritization of the effective factors on the economic resilience of rural households against drought (Case Study: Tastagaran section of Tabas County). Village and Space Sustainable Development. 4(2): 112-129. (In Persian).
Anabestani, A., Javanshiri, M., Mahmoudi, H. & Darban Astaneh, M. (2018). Spatial analysis of villagers’ resilience against environmental hazards (A case study of central district of Faruj County). Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards. 5(1): 17-38. (In Persian).
Anbari, M. & Mehdizadeh Ardakani, M. (2023). The role of NGOs in facilitating and promoting social resilience in rural areas against water scarcity (Case study of Abrar Charity Institute in the villages of Ghainat city). Journal of Social Development and Welfare Planning.14(53): 1-49. (In Persian).
Apio, A.T., Thiam, D.R. & Dinar, A. (2023). Farming under drought: An analysis of the factors influencing farmers’ multiple adoptions of water conservation practices to mitigate farm-level water scarcity. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics.55(3): 432-470.
Azizi, M., Rostami, F. & Heidari, R.J. (2023). Evaluation of livelihood resilience of agroforestry system users in Paveh city in the face ‎of drought. Forest Research and Development. 9(1): 29-45. (In Persian).
Babae, M., Jalalian, H. & Afrakhtehh, H. (2021). Rural livelihood resilience (case study of villages around Lake Urmia within the city of Urmia). Journal of Geography and Planning. 25(77): 1-15. (In Persian).
Bahta, Y.T. & Myeki, V.A. (2021). Adaptation, coping strategies and resilience of agricultural drought in South Africa: implication for the sustainability of livestock sector. Heliyon. 7(11). 2021, e08280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08280
Balaei, B., Noy, I., Wilkinson, S., & Potangaroa, R. (2021). Economic factors affecting water supply resilience to disasters. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 76, 2021, 100961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100961.
Birhanu, Z., Ambelu, A., Berhanu, N., Tesfaye, A. & Woldemichael, K. (2017). Resilience understanding dimensions and adaptive strategies to the impact of recurrent droughts in Borana Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A Grounded Theory Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(2):118. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14020118. PMID: 28134771; PMCID: PMC5334672.
Biswas, A., Sarkar, S., Das, S., Dutta, S., Choudhury, M.R., Giri, A., Bera, B., Bag, K., Mukherjee, B. & Banerjee, K. (2025). Water scarcity: A global hindrance to sustainable development and agricultural production – A critical review of the impacts and adaptation strategies. Cambridge Prisms: Water. 2025; 3:e4. doi:10.1017/wat.2024.16
Condly, S.J. (2006). Resilience in children: A review of literature with implications for education. Urban Education. 41(3): 211- 236.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E. & Webb, J. (2119). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change. 18(4): 598-606.
Daman Bagh, J., Rahmani, B., MoridSadat, P. & Khaledi, S. (2020). Assessing and ranking the development of rural areas against drought resilience emphasizing the economic dimension, in Mahidsht of Kermanshah Township. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 10(37): 91-122. (In Persian).
Damavandi, A., Saadi, H. & Naderi Mahdei, K. (2024). Measuring and Analyzing the Resilience of Rural Households in Hamadan Province Against Agricultural Water Poverty. Geography and Development. 22(74): 111-138. (In Persian).
Darban Astane, A. & Ghasemi, F. (2022). Assessing the resilience of rural farmers to drought and identifying livelihood strategies (Case Study: Central Part of Shazand County). Village and Development. 25(2): 1-22. (In Persian).
Ehsani, M. & Shokoohi, Z. (2022). Estimation of Iran's agricultural resilience index to climate change. Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 7(1): 63-78. (In Persian).
Esmailnejad, M. & Alijani, B. (2017). Analysis and ranking of adaptation strategies to climate change from the perspective of local people in Sistan plain. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards. 4(1): 63-72. (In Persian).
Esmailnejad, M. & Pudineh, M. (2017). Evaluation of adaptation to climate change in rural areas south of South Khorasan. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 6(11): 85-100. (In Persian).
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2003). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. Translated by Fazel Larijani and Reza Fazeli, Tehran: Soroush Publications, 1st Edition. (In Persian).
Ghasemi, M., Sahebi, S. & Mehrganmajd, J. (2020). Identify livelihood resilience strategies against drought risk from the point of view of rural households (case study: Dehestan Golmakan, Chenaran county). Environmental Sciences. 18(1): 117-136. (In Persian).
 Hajian, N. & Ghasemi, M. (2021). The role of diversity of income sources on the vulnerability of rural farmer households exposed to drought (Case Study: Chenaran County). Journal of Emergency Management. 10(2): 141-155. (In Persian).
Heidari-Sareban, V. & Majnouni-Toutakhaneh, A. (2017). The role of livelihood diversity on the resilience of rural households living around the Urmia Lake against drought. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards. 3(4): 49-70. (In Persian).
Hoseini, S.M., Mazandarani Zadeh, H. & Nazari, B. (2021). Simultaneously Management of Surface and Groundwater Resources and Increasing Farmers' Resilience to Water Scarcity by Predicting the Price of Agricultural Products and using GA (Case Study of Irrigation and Drainage Network of Qazvin Plain). Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. 52(2): 563-576. (In Persian).
Hosseini. S.M., Sharifzadeh, A., Gholamrezaei, S. & Akbari, M. (2012). Explaining components of drought crisis management in southeastern rural and nomadic areas of Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 42(2): 185-197. (In Persian).
Imani, B. & Mohamadi Mashkool, A. (2019). Analysis of the relationship between livelihoods and resilience of rural areas against drought (Case Study: Villages of Ardabil). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. 7(4): 147-164. (In Persian).
Ingrao, C., Strippoli, R., Lagioia, G. & Huisingh, D. (2023). Water scarcity in agriculture: An overview of causes, impacts and approaches for reducing the risks. Heliyon. 9(8):e18507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18507.
Issaka, Y.B., Donkoh, S.A. & Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G. (2023). Factors influencing resilience to climate variability among smallholder lowland rice farming households in northern Ghana. UDS International Journal of Development. 10(1): 32-44.
Jafari, M., Rezvani, M., Faraji Sabokbar, H., Ghaderi Masoom, M. & Darban Astaneh, A. (2020). Analysis of economic resilience of farmers to drought impacts (case study: rural settlements of Fasa County). Journal of Regional Planning. 10(39): 61-78. (In Persian).
Jahansoozi, M., Farahani, H., Einali, J. & Mohammadi Yeganeh, B. (2024). the role of social capital to improve the resilience of rural households in drought conditions) Case Study: Mashhad Township). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. 13(4): 344-385. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, A. & Anabestani, A. (2020). Interpretive structural modeling of factors affecting the development of resilience to climate change (with emphasis on drought) of villagers in west of Urmia Lake. Arid Regions Geographic Studies. 11(42): 1-22. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, A. & Anabestani, A. (2022). Analysis of the effects of distributive justice indices on rural areas resilience to drought (case study: rural areas in west of Urmia Lake). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards. 10(30): 127-150. (In Persian).
Jayadas, A. & Ambujam, N.K. (2021). Research and design of a Farmer Resilience Index in coastal farming communities of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Water and Climate Change. 12(7): 3143–3158.
Karimi, H. & Ataei, P. (2022). Consequences of applying adaptation strategies of Sistan farmers to drought: resilience and viability. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal. 17(2): 149-164. (In Persian).
 Keihka, Z., Bazrafshan, J., Ghanbari , S. & Keikha, A. (2020). Analysis of resilience of Sistan rural communities against environmental hazards. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards. 9(23): 1-18. (In Persian).
Kelin, R. J. & Nicholls, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept? Journal of Environmental Hazards. 5: 35-45.
Khakifirouz, Z., Niknami, M., Keshavarz, M., & Sabouri, M.S. (2022). Drivers of farmers’ resilience to drought: a case of Sistan Plain. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal. 18(1): 161-179. (In Persian).
Khatibi, S. & Arjjumend, H. (2019). Water crisis in making in Iran. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources. 2(3): 45-54.
Khatibi, S. A., Golkarian, A., Mosaedi, A. & Sojasi Qeidari, H. (2019). Assessment of resilience to drought of rural communities in Iran. Journal of Social Service Research. 45(2). 151–165.
Khodapanah, K. (2023). Analyzing the Role of Rural Management in Increasing Resiliency of Rural Areas against Drought from the Perspective of Rural People (Case Study: Central Part of the City of Ardabil). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards. 12(36): 25-40. (In Persian).
Kor, A., Balali, H., Movahedi, R. & Sharifzadeh. M. (2023). Examining the components and indicators of economic resilience of farmers against climate disasters. Journal of Rural Research. 14(2): 200-217.
Krippendorff, J. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications. Fourth Edition.
Lavaei Adaryani, R., Kalantari, K., Asadi, A. & Alambeigi, A. (2019). Content Analysis of Business Cooperatives Theories Emphasizing Network Functions. Journal of Business Management. 11(1): 3-24. (In Persian).
Leis, N., Rostami, F. & Alibeygi, A.H. (2022). Strategies to improve farmers' resilience to drought from the perspective of experts: a study in Miandoab County. Geography and Development. 19(65): 77-98. (In Persian).
Majnouni Tutakhaneh, A., Heydari Sareban, V. & Mofarrah Bonab, M. (2018). Evaluating the effects of lake Urmia’s drought on resilience changes in rural settlements. Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 6(4): 67-89. (In Persian).
Malekan, A., ِDadvarkhani, F. & Darban Astane, A. (2021). Drought management in rural areas with emphasis on resilience approach, studied in Kangavar city. Human Geography Research Quarterly. 53(2): 717-732. (In Persian).
Maleksaeidi, H., Karami, E., Zamani, G.H., Rezaei-Moghaddam, K., Hayati, D. & Masoudi, M. (2016). Discovering and characterizing farm households’ resilience under water scarcity. Environment, development and sustainability. 18: 499-525.
Maltou, R. & Bahta, Y.T. (2019). Factors influencing the resilience of smallholder livestock farmers toagricultural drought inSouth Africa: Implication for adaptive capabilities. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 11(1), a805. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.805
McManus, P. (2012). Rural community and rural resilience: What is important to farmers in keeping their country towns alive?. Journal of Rural Studies. 49: 21-28.
Mehrabi, S., Yazdani, M.R. & ghorbani, M. (2022). Resilience assessment in social-ecological systems against available water depletion (case study: Harchegan Village). Journal of Emergency Management. 11(1): 67-80. (In Persian).
Mohammadloo, M., Rahmani Fazli, A. R., Sajjadi, J. & Cheraghi, M. (2024). Evaluation of drought on economic resilience of rural settlements (case study: Mahneshan County, Zanjan Province). Economic Geography Research. 5(15).1 -19. (In Persian).
Morkunas, M. (2018). How resistant is the agricultural sector? Economy Resilience exploited. interdisciplinary approach to economics And Sociology. Economics and Sociology. 11(3): 321-332.
Motaghed, M., Shabanali Fami, H., Asadi, A. & Kalantari, K. (2023). An analysis of farmers' appropriate actions to improve the resilience of small-scale farming units in Hamedan Province under climate change conditions. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards. 12(38): 31-52. (In Persian).
Mousavi, S. & Niknami, M. (2021). Explaining the driving policies of drought management: the case of study of Tehran Province. Journal Strategic Studies of Public Policy. 11(40): 132-153. (In Persian).
Naimabadi, N. & Salimi Sobhan, M.R. (2021). Analysis of social capital components in strengthening the resilience of nomadic households against drought. A study of the nomads of Neyshabur city. Journal of Studies of Nomadic Land Planning. 1(1): 101-114. (In Persian).
Nasrnia, F. & Ashktorab, N. (2021). Sustainable livelihood framework-based assessment of drought resilience patterns of rural households of Bakhtegan basin, Iran. Ecological Indicators. 128, 107817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107817
Nazaripour, H., Tavousi, T. & Brahoui, F. (2024). The limits of coping and resilience against the risks caused by climate change case study: Zahedan County. Journal of the Climate Change Research. 5(17): 1-16. (In Persian).
Norouzi, A. (2019). Measuring the resilience of rural settlements against the environmental hazards (case study: Boldaji District). Journal of Physical Development Planning. 4(3): 79-88. (In Persian).
Nouri, M. & Nooripoor, M. (2019). Perception to action of Mohr County of Fars Province farmers towards confrontation with drought. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal. 15(1): 71-87. (In Persian).
Nouri, M., Homaee, M., Pereira, L.S. & Bybordi, M. (2023). Water management dilemma in the agricultural sector of Iran: A review focusing on water governance. Agricultural Water Management. 288, 2023, 108480, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108480.
Nzeyimana, L., Danielsson, Å., Andersson, L. & Gyberg, V. B. (2021). Success and failure factors for increasing Sub-Saharan African smallholders’ resilience to drought through water management. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 39(2): 273–293.
Nzeyimana, L., Danielsson, Å., Brodén-Gyberg, V. & Andersson, L. (2025). Constructing Ubudehe? Farmers’ perceptions of drought impacts and resilience capacities in Bugesera, Rwanda. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 17(1): 89-108.
Poortaheri, M., Eftekhari, A. & Kazemi, N. (2013). The role of drought risk management approach in reducing social – economic vulnerability of farmers and rural regions case study: Sulduz Rural District, West Azarbaijan. Journal of Rural Research. 4(1): 1-22. (In Persian).
Pret, V., Falconnier, G.N. Affholder, F., Corbeels, M., Chikowo, R. & Descheemaeker, K. (2025). Farm resilience to climatic risk. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 45(10) (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-024-00998-w
Rafieiyan, M., Rezaei, M., Asgari, A., Parhizkar, A. & Shayan, S. (2011). Conceptual explanation of resilience and its indexing in community-based disaster management (CBDM). Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics. 15(4): 19-41. (In Persian).
Rahmani, S., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M. & Abdeshahi, A. (2018). Investigating farmers' beliefs and strategies to adapt to water scarcity and factors affecting them in Mamassani County. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 32(2): 321-340. (In Persian).
Ramazani, M.E. & Khodapanah, K. (2021). Future study of resilience improvement of rural against drought based on practical training, a case study: Ghale Chaei Watershed Area. Journal of Regional Planning. 10(40): 147-162. (In Persian).
Ranjan, R. & Athalye, S. (2009). Drought resilience in agriculture: the role of technological options, Land use dynamics, and risk perception. Natural Resource Modeling. 22(3): 437-462.
Rezaei, R. (2012). An identification and analysis of the solutions, coping up with drought in rural regions of zanjan Province from Jahad-e-Keshavarzi experts' viewpoints. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 43(1): 125-134. (In Persian).
Rezaei, S., Masoompour Samakosh, J. & Miri, M. (2024). Analysis of drought characteristics (severity, duration, magnitude) in Iran based on multivariate standardized drought index. Advanced Technologies in Water Efficiency. 4(1): 82-98. (In Persian).
Roknedin Eftekhari, A. & Vazin, N. (2016). Differences in effectiveness of indigenous and modern knowledge to reduce vulnerabilities of rural communities to natural disaster (Case study: Rural communities of Khoresh-Rostam district, Khalkhal Township, Iran). Human Geography Research Quarterly. 47(4): 727-742. (In Persian).
Roknedin Eftekhari, A., Moosavi, S.M., Poortaheri, M. & Farajzadeh Asl, M. (2014). Analysis of the role of livelihood diversity to rural household resilience in drought condition: case study of the drought exposed areas of Isfahan Province. Journal of Rural Research. 5(3): 639-662. (In Persian).
Saad, A., Benyamina, A.H. & Gamatié. A. 92020). Water management in agriculture: A survey on current challenges and technological solutions. IEEE Access. 2020, 8: 38082-38097. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974977
Sabzehei, M.T., Soleimani, A. & Yousefi, N. (2019). Investigating the effect of social capital on the social resilience of villagers in the biology environmental risks (with an emphasis on the drought) Case study: villages of sub-strict Badar of Ravansar in 2018. Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research. 8(14): 283-310. (In Persian).
Sadeghloo, T. & Sojasi Qeidari, H. (2016). Ranking of effective factors for farmer resilience increasing against of natural hazards (with emphasis on drought) study area: rural farmer in Ijrud Province. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. 3(2): 129-154. (In Persian).
Saemipoor, H., Ghorbani, M., Malekian, A. & Ramazanzadeh lasboei, M. (2018). Evaluating local beneficiary's resilience encountered with prolonged drought condition (Case study: Nardin village, Mayamey county, Semnan Province). Journal of Rangeland. 12(1): 62-72. (In Persian).
Safari Aliakbari, M. (2023). Investigating factors affecting the economic and social resilience of rural areas (case study, Kermanshah County). Spatial Planning. 12(4): 1-4. (In Persian).
Salahi Isfahani, G. (2021). Assessment of socio-economic resilience of villages in Saman watershed (Markazi Province) in water fluctuations in recent years. Journal of the Iranian Geographical Association. 19(68): 185-204. (In Persian).
Salahi, B. & Vatanparast Galeh Juq, F. (2024). Agricultural drought monitoring in the aras river catchment using satellite and meteorological indicators. Environmental Hazards Management. 11(3): 193-212. (In Persian).
Saleh, I., Salehnia, N., Mirbagheri, S.Sh., Akbarpour, H. & Bastani M. (2022). Investigating the role of livelihoods diversity in resilience and welfare level of the rural community in the face of climate change (with emphasis on drought). Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 9(1): 75-84. (In Persian).
Sarmah, T., Balta-Ozkan, N., Konak, A., Shrimpton, E., Sass, K.S., De Macedo, M.B., Mendiondo, E.M., Da Huo, A.C.N. & Jacobson, M.G. (2025). Usability of agricultural drought vulnerability and resilience indicators in planning strategies for small farms: A principal component approach. Climate Services. 38, 100569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2025.100569.
Sass, K.S., Konak, A., de Macedo, M.B., Benso, M.R., Shrimpton, E., Balta-Ozkan, N., Sarmah, T., Mendiondo, E.M., da Silva, G.J., da Silva, P.G.C., Nardocci, A.C. & Jacobson, M. (2024). Enhancing drought resilience and vulnerability assessment in small farms: A global expert survey on multidimensional indicators. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 110, 104616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104616.
Savari, M. & Abdeshahi, A. (2019). Analysis of the role of social capital to improve the resilience of rural households in drought conditions in the county of Divandarreh. Journal of Rural Research. 10(2): 214-229. (In Persian).
Savari, M. & Khosravipour, B. (2018). Analysis of the resilience effects on the liveliness of rural households in drought conditions, in Divandarreh County. Journal of spatial planning. 8(3): 19-40. (In Persian).
Seyed Akhlaghi, S.J. & Taleshi, M. (2019). Improving the resilience of local communities; Future Strategy for dealing with drought Case study: Hablehrood watershed. Journal of Iran Nature. 3(3): 60-68. (In Persian).
Seyed Akhlaghi, S.J. & Taleshi, M. (2021). Rural resilience assessment in Hablehrood watershed with emphasis on drought. Watershed Engineering and Management. 13(1) 137-151. (In Persian).
Shabani, M., Maleki, M., Mosayebi, M., & Mirzaea Noroozani, A.A. (2023). Investigating the effects of drought on changes in resilience and vulnerability of rural settlements in villages of Kavar City, Fars Province. Watershed Management Research. 36(2): 71-86. (In Persian).
Shakeri Bostanabad, R., Mahdiar Esmaeli, M.R. & Salehi Komrudi, M. (2022). Investigating the Economic Resilience of Iran's Agriculture sector. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. 13(4): 41-59. (In Persian).
Sharafi, L. & Zarafshani, K. (2011). Economic and social vulnerability assessment among farmers towards drought (Case of study: Wheat Farmers Kermanshah, Sahne, and Ravansar townships). Journal of Rural Research. 1(4): 129-154. (In Persian).
Sharifinia, Z. (2018). Assessing the Social resilience of rural areas against flooding using FANP and WASPAS models (Case Study: Chardange District of Sari County). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. 8(2): 1-26. (In Persian).
Shiimi, D.K., Charamba, V., Bello, H.M. & Lutaaya, E. (2023). Factors affecting smallholder subsistence farmers’ drought adaptation and resilience: a case study from northern-central Namibia. Namibian Journal of Environment. 7: 21-38.
Shikwambana, S., Malaza, N., & Ncube, B. (2022). Enhancing the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Smallholder Farmers to Drought in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Conservation. 2(3):, 435-449.
Taleshi, M. Seyed Akhlaghi, S.J. (2019). Role of livelihood diversity in rural households’ resilience against drought risk (Case study: Hablehroud Basin). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research. 26(2): 459-473. (In Persian).
Taleshi, M., Aliakbari, E., Jafari, M. & Seyed Akhlaghi, S.J. (2018). Developing and validating of appropriate indices for rural resilience to draught (Case Study: Hableroud Watershed Basine). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research. 24(4): 881-896. (In Persian).
Tawakoli, M., Ruknuddin Eftekhari, A. & Jafari Sirizi, M. (2023). An analysis of resilience of rural farmers in the direction of drought management: a case study of farmers of Siriz rural district in Kerman Province. The Journal of Spatial Planning. 27(1): 64-102. (In Persian).
Vazirian, R., Karimian, A.A., Ghorbani, M., Afshani, A. & Dastorani. M. T. (2021). Measuring and evaluating the dimensions affecting the improvement of resilience of rural communities in the face of drought (Case Study: Sabzevar County). Journal of Rural Research. 11(4): 630-645. (In Persian).
Velaei, M., Abdolahi, A., Eskandarzade, A., Hoseinzade, A. & Zarbi, H. (2020). Analysis role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought (case study: rural settlements in the township of Miyandoab. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning. 15(3): 857-872. (In Persian).
Xu, W., Zhong, Z., Proverbs, D., Xiong, S. & Zhang, Y. (2021). Enhancing the resilience of the management of water resources in the agricultural supply chain. Water. 13(12), 1619, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121619
Yeganeh, A. (2024). Monitoring and evaluation of economic resilience of gardeners in the central part of Malekan city using Q method of factor analysis. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. 16(1): 45-60. (In Persian).
Yeganeh, A., Shafiei, A. & Bokaie, A. (2022). Analysis of economic and social resilience of gardeners against drought and its effective factors (Case study: Central part of Malekan county). Journal of Geographical Studies of Mountainous Areas. 9 (2022): 161-178. (In Persian).
Zarif Moradian, Sh., Daneshvar Khakhki, M. & Sabouhi Sabouni, M. (2022). The effect of drought on rural farmers households’ resilience index. Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development. 36(3): 301-315. (In Persian).
Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research
Volume 26, Spring - Serial Number 98
April 2025
Pages 66-43
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 22 March 2025
  • Revise Date: 09 May 2025
  • Accept Date: 10 May 2025
Share
How to cite
Statistics