Original Article
Irrigation network management
Fariborz Abbasi; M. Akbari; Abolfazl Nasseri; Nader Abbassi; J. Baghani; M. Joleini; Mohammad Ali Shahrokhnia; Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam; Saloome Sepehri Sadeghian; M. Moayeri; A.R. Hassanoghli; Abolghasem Haghayeghi; Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi; syeed Hassan mousavifazl; M.R. Yazdani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIn terms of water consumption in different sectors, in Iran as in other countries, a significant part of surface and groundwater resources is used in agricultural sector. For the amount of water consumed in Iran's agricultural sector, different numbers have been reported in various sources. ...
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Extended AbstractIn terms of water consumption in different sectors, in Iran as in other countries, a significant part of surface and groundwater resources is used in agricultural sector. For the amount of water consumed in Iran's agricultural sector, different numbers have been reported in various sources. In the past three decades, water consumption in agricultural sector in various sources and methods has been reported between 44 and 86 billion cubic meters (Movaheddanesh, 1994; Ghodratnema, 1998; Mohammad-Vali-Samani, 2005; Nasseri et al., 2017; 2018). The physical water productivity is also one of the important indicators of irrigation management, which is determined by using the amount of product produced per unit of applied irrigation water. Abbasi et al. (2017) estimated and analyzed water productivity values in Iran for different years. They estimated the values of water productivity varying from 0.94 to 1.29 kg/m3 and average being 1.07 kg/m3. Abbasi et al. (2019) also showed that water productivity index in Iran had an upward trend with a slope of 0.045 kg per year. It varied from 1.0 kg/m3 in 2008 to about 1.45 kg/m3 in 2017. Past researches regarding the estimation of water consumption in agricultural sector have been reported with estimation methods such as water balance method, which is not accurate and is associated with errors. On the other hand, the figures presented for the amount of water consumed in agricultural sector are very different and there are doubts about their accuracy. Despite the importance of the issue, accurate information on the amount of irrigation water for agricultural crops in different regions of Iran is not available and this issue has always been one of the main concerns of the water industry managers and planners. Therefore, carrying out a research work that lead to more accurate numbers about the amount of applied irrigation water for different crops, can be of great help to the decision-making of officials related to water and agriculture. Therefore, the main goal of this article is a comprehensive evaluation of water management indicators in agricultural sector (including the water productivity and applied irrigation water for different crops).MethodologyField measurements including applied irrigation water and crop yield were carried out for at least one cropping season in the production hubs of each crop. The studied crops include 12 agricultural crops (wheat, rice, barley, fodder corn, alfalfa, sugar beet, sugar cane, beans, sunflower, cotton, rapeseed, soybean), 17 garden crops (saffron, apple, olive, orange, tangerine, peach, nectarine, plum, lemon, fig, grape, date, pomegranate, walnut, almond, pistachio, cherry) and 6 vegetable and summer crops (tomato, watermelon, potato, cucumber, melon, onion). These crops covered more than 85% of the cultivated area and irrigated lands in different provinces. For each crop, applied irrigation water was measured in a crop season and the yield for one year or the average of two years, but for garden plants, due to climate changes and frost that affect the yield, the average yield of 1-3 years was determined and used in the analysis. Physical water productivity of irrigation water from the ratio of crop yield to applied irrigation water and water productivity from the ratio of crop yield to water (total volume of irrigation water and effective precipitation) and gross income per unit of applied irrigation water was calculated from the product of crop yield in the sales price divided by the applied irrigation water. In this research, the cluster analysis model was used to determine the homogeneous crops.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that applied irrigation water for different crops varies from 3984 for rapeseed to 32500 cubic meters per hectare for sugarcane. So that the weighted average applied irrigation water of 35 studied crops was determined to be 8032 cubic meters per hectare.This index was 9162, 7669 and 7247 cubic meters per hectare, respectively, for garden, agricultural, vegetable and summer crops. Also, the total applied water used for the 35 studied crops was estimated at 61.7 billion cubic meters and the total irrigation water for other crops that were not evaluated in this research was estimated at 9.4 billion cubic meters. The total water used in irrigated crops is estimated at 71.1 billion cubic meters, which is about 70% of the total renewable water in Iran. The weighted average of irrigation water productivity and water productivity of the studied crops was determined as 1.9 and 1.5 kg/m3, respectively. Saffron and pistachio provided the highest gross income per unit of irrigation water and sugarcane, soybean, barley, fodder corn, wheat and alfalfa had the lowest values.ConclusionsThe results of this research provide valuable information for managers and decision makers in different provinces of Iran.
Original Article
Irrigation network management
Amir Eslami; Abdolrasool Shirvanian; Reza Zareian
Abstract
The sharp drop in the water level of the underground aquifers in the plains shows the lack of a suitable approach to create synergy between all the stakeholders in the water sector in the management of water resources. On the other hand, the undeniable limitation of water resources has led to the adoption ...
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The sharp drop in the water level of the underground aquifers in the plains shows the lack of a suitable approach to create synergy between all the stakeholders in the water sector in the management of water resources. On the other hand, the undeniable limitation of water resources has led to the adoption of integrated water resources management as a requirement. In this regard, in an agricultural plain, there should be a matching of underground water resources with programmable water in order to reduce the severity of the created crisis and help to balance the plain over time. Therefore, avoiding horizontal development in the agricultural sector and increasing water productivity should be on the agenda of decision makers, especially in the planning of cropping patterns. This research has been carried out with the aim of improving the cultivation pattern in improving the physical and economic productivity of water in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain of Fars province. The required data of the products include crop calendar, price at the time of harvest, production cost, yield, monthly programmable amount of plain water and monthly irrigation water amount of each crop related to crop year 2021-2022, which is in the form of documents from Jihad- Agriculture Organization. and the regional water company of Fars province was collected. Data analysis was done by mathematical programming method using GAMS software. The results showed that after implementing the model and determining the optimal cultivation pattern, the number of agricultural products in the plain increased by 50%. So that the number of products reached 18 products from 12 products. Also, the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern decreased by 27% and reached 3861 ha from 5303 ha. Meanwhile, the amount of irrigation water of the optimal pattern caused a 26% reduction in the consumption of underground water resources. In addition, the amount of crop production in the current and optimal model was 8,469,3000 and 6,947,060 kg, respectively, and the decrease in the cultivated area has caused an 18% decrease in this index in the optimized model. However, the economic efficiency of the entire plain in the current and optimal model was calculated as 1975.37 and 2035.60 billion rials, respectively, which indicates a three percent increase in the optimal model. With regard to the direct effects of the modification of the cultivation pattern of the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain, including the increase in the number of agricultural products of the plain and the introduction of six crops with the highest economic water productivity into the optimal cultivation pattern, as well as the reduction of the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern, and the increase of the economic efficiency of the entire plain in this pattern, it is expected that the index of physical productivity and economic productivity of the whole plain will also change. So, the physical water productivity index of the whole plain in the current and optimal model was obtained as 2.56 and 2.84 kg/m3, respectively. In the same way, the water economic productivity index of the whole plain was calculated as 59,607 and 83,086 rials per cubic meter, respectively. Therefore, the modification of the cultivation pattern in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain resulted in the annual saving of 8.64 million cubic meters of water, an 11% increase in physical productivity, and a 39.4% increase in the economic productivity of water. Based on this, focusing on the water productivity index in the form of improving physical and economic productivity can be followed as a suitable approach to create synergy between all stakeholders and beneficiaries of the water sector in the management of water resources in the agricultural sector. In this approach, by focusing on increasing water productivity, in a defined time period, while minimizing the amount of production reduction, and by increasing the livelihood level of the users, it is possible to reduce the agricultural water consumption in the plains to the amount of programmable water.
Original Article
Pressurized Irrigation Systems
mohammad Joleini; Abolghasem Haghayeghi; Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam
Abstract
This project was carried out in the field in order to determine the useful water of tomatoes in the fields under the management of farmers during one cropping season (2018). Six cities of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs were selected in Razavi Khorasan province, which have ...
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This project was carried out in the field in order to determine the useful water of tomatoes in the fields under the management of farmers during one cropping season (2018). Six cities of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs were selected in Razavi Khorasan province, which have the largest area under cotton cultivation. At first, based on the data required by the project, a questionnaire containing necessary information for investigation and logical conclusion was prepared. The required data of the selected farms in each city were either measured or through face-to-face interviews with the farmer or were calculated and completed according to the data of the previous two stages. The measurements were carried out in type of water source, irrigation network and method and water source discharge, total level The field and area under cultivation of cotton crop, variety, planting arrangement, planting date, soil texture, electrical conductivity of irrigation water and soil saturation extract, date of first irrigation, irrigation cycle and different irrigation methods, etc. The Measured Applied water were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data (2009 to 2018) and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calculated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall). The results showed that the amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Bardaskan region were 7369 m3/ha, 4583 kg/ha and 0.638 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Nysahabor region were determined as 9773 m3/ha, 3554 kg/ha and 0.528 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Sabzevar region were 9173 m3/ha, 3033 kg/ha and 0.225 kg/m3, respectively. In khaf region the amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity were 14791 m3/ha, 2821 kg/ha and 0.194 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Roshtkhar region were 11281 m3/ha, 3466 kg/ha and 0.327 kg/m3, respectively and The amount of applied water, the amount of Cotton yield and the water productivity in Sarakhs region were determined as 9004 m3/ha, 2113 kg/ha and 0.265 kg/m3, respectively. The average amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in above six regions were determined as 9830 m3/ha, 3078 kg/ha and 0.357 kg/m3, respectively. Also, the average volume of irrigation water, yield and productivity of water in the surface irrigation method were 10175 m3/ha, 2892 kg/ha and 0.318 kg/m3respectively, and in the drip irrigation method are 7242 m3/ha 4470 kg/ha and 0.649 kg/m3 was obtained.In Razavi Khorasan province, underground water sources are facing a reservoir deficit. Therefore, efforts towards better use of extracted water and reducing exploitation of underground water resources are inevitable. In this project, the water given by the farmers for cotton production during one cropping season and without expert intervention in the irrigation management of the farmer was measured in the six plains of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs cities, which had the largest area under cotton cultivation in Razavi Khorasan province. The method of irrigation of the fields was surface and drip irrigation (type). The results showed that the average applied water, yield and water productivity in all investigated cotton fields were 9830 cubic meters per hectare, 3078 kg per hectare and 0.357 kg per cubic meter of water, respectively. The difference between the volume of applied water, performance and water efficiency in two methods of surface and drip irrigation was significant. Under the drip irrigation system, the amount of applied water is 30% less (7242 cubic meters per hectare versus 10175), the yield is 55% higher (4470 kg/hectare versus 2892) and the water productivity is about 104% higher (0.649 kg/cubic meter in vs. 0/318) was from the surface irrigation method.
