نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران

2 استادیار بخش تحقیقات جنگل و مرتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

4 استادیار بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج

چکیده

کانال­های انتقال و توزیع آب از سازه­های آبی هستند که برای جلوگیری از تلفات نشت آب در مسیر جریان، بستر آنها با استفاده از پوشش بتنی غیرمسلح پوشش داده می­شود. کیفیت این نوع پوشش­ها اغلب با روش مخرب و پرهزینۀ مغزه­گیری و انتقال مغزه­ها به آزمایشگاه ارزیابی می­شود. در این پژوهش، سه کانال اصلی قلعه­قباد، نهر شعبان و جهان­آباد از شبکۀ آبیاری نهر شعبان در نهاوند به دو روش مخرب و غیر مخرب ارزیابی شد. برای این منظور در مجموع 6 کیلومتر از کانال­های شبکۀ آبیاری نهر شعبان در نظر گرفته شد و در 13 نقطه از آن­ به فواصل 500 متری 12 مغزه در هر مقطع  و در کل 156 مغزه تهیه گردید. در نقاط مورد نظر آزمایش عدد چکش اشمیت حاصل از به­کارگیری آن نیز اجرا شد. در آزمایشگاه، مقاومت فشاری، جذب آب اولیه و جوشیده و جذب آب مویینه روی آنها آزمایش شد. روابط بین آزمایش غیر مخرب چکش اشمیت با هر یک از پارامترهای حاصل از آزمایش­های آزمایشگاهی روی مغزه­ها که به روش مخرب تهیه گردیده بودند، بررسی شد. نتایج به­دست ­آمده نشان داد بین مقادیر عدد چکش اشمیت با مقاومت فشاری رابطۀ نمایی مستقیم با ضریب همبستگی 86 درصد برقرار است. همچنین، بین عدد چکش اشمیت و پارامترهای جذب آب اولیه، جوشیده و مویینه که از پارارمترهای دوام پوشش بتنی در مناطق سردسیر هستند، رابطۀ توانی معکوس با ضریب همبستگی به‌ترتیب 72، 70 و 71 درصد برقرار است. با توجه به این روابط با همبستگی مناسب، در کانال­های آبیاری با پوشش بتنی، بدون مغزه­گیری و تنها با آزمایش غیرمخرب چکش اشمیت در محل می­توان مقادیر مقاومت فشاری، جذب آب اولیه، جوشیده و مویینه را برآورد کرد که از شاخص­های دوام هستند. بین جذب آب نیم­­ساعته و جوشیده نیز رابطۀ مستقیم با ضریب همبستگی بالای 95 درصد برقرار است. برای تعیین درصد آب جوشیدۀ مورد استفاده در تعیین ظرفیت جذب آب که نیاز به بیش از 3 روز زمان دارد می­توان از نتایج جذب آب اولیه استفاده کرد. مشخص شد بین جذب آب جوشیده و مقاومت فشاری رابطۀ معکوس درجه 3 با ضریب همبستگی بالای 96 درصد برقرار است و با افزایش مقدار جذب آب، مقاومت فشاری کاهش می­یابد. مطابق این نتیجه، کیفیت پوشش بتنی در کانال­های آبیاری بر مبنای روابط به­دست آمده در این پژوهش، به روش غیرمخرب و با دقت بالایی قابل برآورد خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation on Nondestructive (ND) Method of Determination of water Absorption Parameters and Compressive Strength of Concrete Lining of Irrigation Canals

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Bahramlou 1
  • Ghasem Asadian 2
  • saeed gohari 3
  • Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi 4

1 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

2 Assistant PROFESSOR, Forests and rangelands Research Institute Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Hamedan-Bu-Ali Sina University-faculty of agriculture-department of water science engineering

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Hamedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Conveyance and Water distribution irrigation canals are hydraulic structures that transport water supplied from sources such as diversion dams for drinking, agricultural, industry or other purposes. These canals are usually lined by materials such as: concrete, stone with sand cement mortar, asphalt, to prevent water seepage losses along the flow path. Concrete lining that is used in irrigation canals is an unreinforced concrete with a thickness of 5 to 10 cm.  Basic requirements of good hardened concrete are: satisfactory compressive strength and sufficient durability (Aba, 2005). After the implementation of each engineering structure, it is necessary to evaluate the project to determine the optimal performance and quality of implementation. Evaluation of the quality of irrigation canal linings is often carried out by the destructive and costly method of coring and carried out various experiments in the laboratory. Although destructive method yields relatively exact and straightforward results from the desired parameters, it also has some side problems that are sometimes difficult to recover. The problems of destructive test (DT) method with coring and destructive method are associated with damage of project, high cost, need the expert group and equipment, time-consuming and sometimes stoppage of project operation. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods can be used to prevent these complications. Electrical, ultrasonic and Schmidt hammer tests are among non-destructive testing. Nowadays, non-destructive testing of concrete has an effective and practical function in the repair of concrete structures. Non-destructive testing of concrete by providing data on various existing structures allows experts to judge and decide on the performance, needs and methods of repair and restoration of concrete structures. The indicator of evaluation of the quality of concrete lining in irrigation canals in different environmental conditions is the same as the other structures based on the amount of compressive strength (Anon., 2014). The failure of hardened concrete due to repeated cycles of thawing- freezing in cold air in hydraulic structures (such as irrigation canals that
can absorb water and saturated) is more probable than other concrete structures (Ramazanianpour and Shahnazari, 1988).
 
Methodology
In this study, in order to establish a relationship between non-destructive testing (NDT) of Schmidt's Hammer number with destructive testing (DT) of  compressive strength and water absorption parameters, 13 sections from 3 main conveyance canals were studied in Nahre Shaban irrigation network in Nahavand City. At all sections, non-destructive testing of Schmidt's Hammer accomplished for determining the rebound number, then from the same points, 12 and totally 156 cores were provided from 3 canals. Next relationship between rebound numbers (RN) with each of the parameters of laboratory experiments on the linings was investigated. The study area in this study was 6 km from the main canal of the irrigation network of Nahre Shaban in 3 sections of Ghaleqabad, Shaban and Jahanabad in Nahavand City. This canal is divided by diversion dam of Sha'ban with height of 3.5 m which was constructed in a section with coordinates of (X = 262862, Y= 3775625) during 1985 and 2001. Table 1 presents the characteristics of the main canal at the location of the Ghaleh Ghobad river section on the Shaban network. The coordinates of each section of the canal intended for coring were determined using GPS; these coordinates are presented for the 13 points in the selected canals in Table 2.
 
Table 1- Geometrical and hydraulic properties of studied canal in Nahavand plain





Network name


Canal length
(m)


Lining material


Cross section type


Discharge
(lit/s)


Land area
(hac.)


Geometrical properties




Bed
  (m)


Depth
(m)


Side slope




Shaban river


5000


Situ concrete


trapezoidal


3000


2700


1.4


1.5


1:1





 
 
Table 2. Position and coordinates of canal sections for destructive and non-destructive experiments





Coordinates (UTM)


Canal Code.


Local canal name




Y
 


X
 




3775681


263046


GH1


Ghaleh Ghobad




3776121


262772


GH2




3776737


262411


NSH1


Shaban river




3777241


262299


NSH2




3777606


262335


NSH3




3778060


262086


NSH4




3778201


261471


NSH5




3779031


261256


JNA1


Jahan abad




3779369


261431


JNA2




3779687


261967


JNA3




3779580


262107


JNA4




3779758


261656


JNA5




3779865


261828


JNA6





 
 Results and Discussion
Based on the results obtained, Schmidt hammer number and compressive strength values have direct relationship with correlation coefficient of 86%. Also, the Schmitt Hammer and initial, boiled and capillary water have a reverse power relationship with a correlation coefficient of 72, 70 and 71 percent respectively. Considering these relationships with proper correlation, it is possible to estimate the durability parameters in through the non-destructive testing of the Schmidt hammer at the site. There is a direct relationship between the initial and boiled water absorption, with a correlation coefficient above 95%. Therefore, boiled water absorption capacity of cores, w hich requires more than 3 days, can be determined from the results of initial water absorption. There is an inverse relationship with grade of 3 with a correlation coefficient above 96% between boiled water absorption and compressive strength of cores.
 
 
Conclusions
Between Schmidt hammer number and compressive strength values in concrete-lined irrigation canals are a direct relationship with correlation coefficient of 86%. So it is possible to estimate the durability parameters of irrigation canal linings in through the non-destructive testing of the Schmidt hammer number at the site.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Concrete
  • Correlation
  • Evaluation
  • Field Method
  • Laboratory Experiment
Abbasi, N., Bahramloo, R., & Movahedan, M. (2015).  Strategic planning for remediation and optimization of irrigation and drainage networks: A case study for Iran. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 4, pp. 211-221.
 
Akash, J., Ankit, K., Adarsh, K., Yogesh,V., & Krishna, M. (2013). Combined use of non-destructive test for assessment of strength of concrete in structure. Procedia Engineering, 54, pp.241-251.
 
Alwash, M. (2017). Assessment of concrete strength in existing structures using nondestructive tests and cores: Analysis of current methodology and recommendations for more reliable assessment. University of Bordeaux, UMR 5295, 33400 Talence, France.
 
Anon. (1983). Method for Determination of Water Absorption. British Standard Testin Concrete. BS. Part 122. London, England.
 
Anon. (2000). Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption and Voids in Hardened Concrete. ASTM. ASTM C 642, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Philadelphia.
 
Anon. (2002). Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concretes. ASTM C805.
 
Anon. (2003). Standard Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concretes. ASTM C42. 04(02).
 
Anon. (2004). Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes. ASTM C1585.
 
Anon. (2005). Iranian Concrete Bylaw. Iranian Budjet and Programing Organization. No. 120.  Iran.  (in Persian)
 
Anon. (2014). Technical Criteria and Indexes for Irrigation and Drainage Networks, General Technical Specifications. Program and Budget Organization. No. 108. (in Persian)
 
Arioz, O., Tuncan, A., Tuncan, M., Kavas, T., Ramyar, K., & Kiling, B. (2009). Use of combined non-destructive method to assess the strength of concrete in structures. Afyon Kocatepe University, Journal of Science and Engineering, 1, pp.147-154.
 
Bahramloo, R. (2007). Evaluation of failure factor causes of concrete lining in irrigation canals (case study in Hamean-Bahar plain). Agricultural Engineering Research, 8(3), pp. 81-92.
(in Persian)
 
Bahramloo, R., & Abbasi, N. (2016). Effect of air entrainment admixture on water absorption parameters of concrete linings of irrigation canals. Agricultural Engineering Research, 16(65), pp. 117-132. (in Persian)
 
Bahramloo, R., & Banejad, H. (2014). Evaluation quality of durability in concrete lining of irrigation canals in cold climates (case study in Hamedan province). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 1(8), pp. 171-179. (in Persian)
 
Ferhat, A., & Saribiyik, M. (2010). Correlation between Schmidt hammer and destructive compressions testing for concretes in existing buildings. Scientific Research and Essays. 5(13), pp. 1644-1648.
 
Oke, D. A., Oladiran, G. F., & Raheem, S. B. (2017). Correlation between destructive compressive testing (DT) and non destructive testing (NDT) for concrete strength. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science (IJOER), 3(5), pp. 27-30.
 
Ramazanianpour, A. A., & Shahnazari, M. R. (1988). Concrete Technology in Cold and Freezing Climate. Elmosanaat Publication 110.
 
Ramazanianpour, A. A., & Vosoughi, P. (2012). Lab and site investigation on the relationship of compressive strength and other parameters. The 9th International Congress of Civil Engineering. May 8-10. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
 
Sadr-Momtazi, A., & Tahmorsi, B. (2018). Investigating the boundary of aggregate-paste in concretes containing silica and winds ash. Scientific and Research Journal of Structural Engineering and Construction. 4, 136-154. (in Persian)
 
Siahi, M. K., Farhadi-Hikooei, A. Jafari, A., Nasher, H., Jafari, M. S., Moalemi, M., Dallalzadeh, A. R., Babaei, A. R., Dasdar, V., & Eghbali, M. (2011). Construction of Irrigation Canals, Limits and Methods. National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. (in Persian)
 
Tadaiion, M. (2011). Concrete durability, standards and methods. 1th Workshop on Evaluation of Concrete Quality in Irrigation Canals Lining (Methods and Standards). Jahad Agriculture Organization of Hamedan, Iran. (in Persian)
 
Zand-Babaraeisi, E., & Khodaei, M. (2018). Determination of relationship between compressive strength and Schmidt hammer number on laburatory samples (case study on railway of Tehran-Esfahan). 10th National Conference of Concrete. Oct. 7. Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)