نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی.

2 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

3 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قزوین، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

4 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

5 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهار محال و بختیاری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

6 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

7 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

8 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

9 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

حجم آب کاربردی محصولات کشاورزی به عنوان یکی از شاخص‌های کلیدی ارزیابی مصارف آب در بخش کشاورزی، نقش بسیار مهمی در برنامه‌ریزی‌های کلان در حوزه کشاورزی و مدیریت منابع آب دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین حجم آب کاربردی محصول گردو تحت مدیریت باغداران در مناطق مختلف کشور و بدون دخالت در برنامه آبیاری باغداران انجام شده است. بدین منظور پایش و اندازه‌گیری میدانی شاخص‌های مورد بررسی در باغات گردو طی دو سال زراعی (97-1396 و 98-1397) در 11 استان کشور انجام گردید و بر اساس آن مقادیر حجم آب کاربردی و بهره‌وری آب آبیاری در باغ‌های منتخب تعیین شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد، حجم آب کاربردی باغات گردو در مناطق مورد مطالعه از 3050 تا 14800 مترمکعب در هکتار متغیر و میانگین وزنی آن در سطح کشور حدود 7000 مترمکعب در هکتار بوده است. همچنین حجم آب کاربردی در باغ‌های منتخب در دو روش آبیاری سطحی و قطره‏ای به‌ترتیب برابر 7675 و 5709 مترمکعب در هکتار به دست آمد. میانگین دو ساله عملکرد گردو در مناطق تولید از 520 تا 3280 کیلوگرم ‌بر هکتار متغیر و میانگین وزنی آن 1235 کیلوگرم ‌بر هکتار بود. بر این اساس شاخص بهره‌وری آب آبیاری از 04/0 تا 71/0 کیلوگرم ‌بر مترمکعب متغیر و میانگین وزنی آن در سطح کشور حدود 20/0 کیلوگرم ‌بر مترمکعب بوده است. نتایج کلی پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در استان‌های مورد بررسی حجم آب کاربردی باغات گردو کمتر از نیاز ناخالص آبی این محصول بوده و به‌نوعی کم‌آبیاری اجباری در باغات گردو صورت گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Volume of Applied Water and Agricultural Water Productivity in Walnut Production Regions in the Country

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nader Abbassi 1
  • REZA BAHRAMLOO 2
  • moin rezvani 2
  • Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi 2
  • afshin uossef gomrokchi 3
  • ramin nikanfar 4
  • abolfazl nasseri 4
  • Fariborz Abbasi 1
  • Rahim Alimohammadi Nafchi 5
  • mohammad abasi 6
  • Mustafa Goodarzi 7
  • Mohammad Ali Shahrokhnia 8
  • hamid riahi 9
  • Samar Behrouzinia 6
  • samira vahedi 6

1 Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,

2 Agricultural Engineering Research Institute Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,

3 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO

4 Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, East Azarbaijan, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)

5 Agricultural Engineering Research Institute Department, Chahar mahal and Bakhtiyri, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,

6 Soil and Water Research Department ,Zanjan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension

7 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO

8 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)

9 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)

چکیده [English]

Introduction

Walnut is one of the most valuable garden products of the country, which will be very profitable for gardeners if the water and food needs are met on time. During the growth period, the walnut tree goes through different stages, during these stages, the lack of sufficient and timely irrigation will affect not only the crop of the same year, but also the quantitative and qualitative production of the next years. The results of various researches have shown that the walnut tree is sensitive to the lack of water and the lack of soil moisture leads to a decrease in yield and the quality of the product in terms of color and size. Researches in the country are mainly focused on determining the water requirements of walnut trees, the effects of low irrigation and the quality of irrigation water on the quantitative and qualitative performance of walnuts, and not many researches have been done on determining the amount of water used by walnut trees in the country. The review of the articles shows that walnut is one of the water-bearing products among garden products, and due to the severe limitation of water resources in the centers of production of this product in the world, many researches focused on determining the amount of water used for walnut trees and low management. It has been irrigated. On the other hand, the researches carried out in the country have mainly been carried out either in limited areas or in the form of research projects on the scale of experimental plots. Therefore, there is almost no comprehensive report on measuring and estimating the volume of water used for this water-bearing product in the country. Based on this, in the current research, the amount of water consumed by walnut gardeners in the country has been measured.



Methodology

Considering that the main purpose of the research was to measure the volume of water used for walnut production in different regions of the country, the water given by gardeners for walnut production during two cropping seasons was measured without interfering in irrigation management and at the level of users' gardens. Is. In this research, due to the fact that the yield of walnut is affected by the age and climatic factors such as frosts, the measurements were made during two consecutive crop years 1396-1397 and 1397-1398. Based on this, the provinces of Hamedan, Kerman, Lorestan, East Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad, Zanjan, Fars, Markazi and Qazvin, where the area under cultivation and the amount of walnut production in them are about 70 and 75% of the whole country, respectively. include, were selected as pilot areas for the implementation of the current research. After that, in each province, city or cities, the top producers of the mentioned product were determined in terms of the level of cultivation and production, and finally, the desired gardens were selected in the cities. In this regard, we tried to select the gardens in such a way that they cover most of the conditions such as climate, garden area, planting intervals, soil texture, water and soil salinity, irrigation methods and different managements, etc. The volume of water supplied was measured with the WSC flume or ultrasonic flow meter without interfering with the irrigation program.







Results and Discussion

The results of the research showed that the volume of applied water of walnut orchards in the studied areas varied from 3050 to 14800 m3/ha and its weighted average in the country was about 7000 m3/ha. Also, the amount of water used in the selected gardens in two methods of surface and drip irrigation was obtained as 7675 and 5709 m3/ha, respectively. The two-year average yield of walnuts in the production areas varied from 520 to 3280 kg/ha and its weight average was 1235 kg/ha. Based on this, the productivity index of irrigation water varies from 0.04 to 0.71 kg/m3 and its average weight in the country is about 0.20 kg/m3. The general results of the research indicate that in the investigated provinces, the amount of water used in walnut orchards is less than the gross water requirement of this product and there is a kind of forced under-irrigation in walnut orchards.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Walnut orchards
  • Water productivity
  • Water requirement of walnut
Abbasi, F., Sohrab, F., Abbasi, N. (2017). Evaluation of irrigation efficiencies in Iran. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Research, 17(67), 113-128. (in Persian, abstract in English)
Ahmadi, K., EbadZadeh, H.R., Hatami, F., HoseinPour, R. and AbdShah, H. (2020). Agricultural Statistics of 2018-2019. Ministry of Jihad for Agriculture, Deputy for Planning and Economy, Information and Communication Technology Office. Volume 3, Garden Products. 163pp. (in Persian)
Akin, S. and Erdem, T. (2018). Water use of walnut trees under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 20(1): 60-63.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirement. FAO Irrig. Drain. Paper No. 56. FAO, Rome, Italy, 300 pp.
Ayers R.S. and Westcot D.W. (1976) .Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, FAO, Rome. 97 p.
Buchner, R., Fulton, A. and Gilles, C. (2008). Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Walnut (Juglans regia) Grafted on Northern California Black (Juglans hindsii) or Paradox Rootstock. Acta Horticulturae. 792: 41-146.
Cohen, M., Valancogne, C., Dayau, S., Ameglio, T., Cruiziat, P. and Archer, P. (1997). Yeild and Physiological Responses of Walnut Trees in Semi-Arid Conditions: Application to Irrigation Scheduling. Proc. 2nd Int. Sym. On Irrigation of Hort. Crops, Acta Hort. 449 Vol. I. ISHS.
Farshi, A., Shariati, M.R., Jarollahi, R., Ghaemi, M.R., Shahabifar, M., Tavallaei, M.M. (1997). An estimate of the water requirements of  main  field  crops  and  orchards  in  Iran,  Orchards  Vol.  2.  Agricultural  Education  Publication: Karaj, Iran, 629 pp. (in Persian)
Fulton, A. (2013). Evaluating Water Requirements of Developing Walnut Orchards in the Sacramento Valley. Walnut Research Reports, California Walnut Board.
Ghadami Firouzabadi, A., Seyedan, S. M., and zareabyaneh, H. (2021). Determination and evaluation of applied water and physical and economical productivity of water in vineyards and walnut orchards of Malayer region of Hamadan. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 14(6), 1908-1919. (in Persian)
Hu, Q., Y. Ma, J. He, Q. Zhang, Q and M. Hong. (2010). Effect of drip irrigation and micro –sprinkler irrigation on water consumption, yields and quality of walnut. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 1: 1-20.
Huabing, M., Meimei, L., Junjie, R., Baoguo, L. and Guohui, Q. (2014). Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on Water Use of Precocious Walnuts. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 651-653: 1423-1431.
Lampinen, B., Buchner, R., Fulton, A., Grant, J., Mills, N., Prichard, T., Schwankl, L., Shackel, K., Gilles, C., Little, C., Metcalf, S., Rivers, D., and Gamble, V. (2004). Irrigation Management in Walnut Using Evapotranspiration, Soil and Plant Based Data. An annual research report submitted to the California Walnut Board for 2004. 113-136.
Li, H. B., Mu, Z. X., Hong, M., & Zheng, B. (2013). Optimization of irrigation methods for grown walnut in arid and semi arid regions. Water Saving Irrigation, 6(10).
Manzari Tavakkoli, M., Bagheri, V., Karimi, H. R., and Roosta, H. R. (2015). Evaluation of some the physiological and growth responses of three walnut genotypes to different bicarbonate concentrations in irrigation water. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(4), 549-561. (in Persian)
Parvin, P., khezri, M., Tavasolian, I. (2014). Effects of drought stress on some morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of Persian walnut seedling (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 21(3), 1-25. (in Persian)
Sarmad, Z., Bazargan, A., and Hejazi, E. (2001). Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Agah Publishing, Tehran, 405 pp. (in Persian)
SCS. (1972). U.S. Soil Conservation Service, National Engineering Handbook, Hydrology Section 4.
Seyedi, N., Alijanpour, A., Banj Shafiei, A., and Beygi Heidarlou, H. (2016). The effect of drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics in Walnut (Juglans regia l.) seedlings. Forest and Wood Products, 69(3), 511-521.
Shahrokhnia, M. A., Abbasi, N., and Abbasi, F. (2022). Investigation of irrigation water volume and water productivity of walnut orchards in Fars province. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 15(6), 1361-1369. (in Persian)