نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهدی محمدخانی ¹
• عباس ستوده نیا ²
• پیمان دانش کار اراسته ³
• هادی رمضانی ⁴

¹ دانشجوی دکتری

² قزوین- دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی سازمان مرکزی عباس ستوده نیا

³ علوم ومهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران

⁴ علوم مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران

چکیده

اگر چه افزایش بازده آبیاری منجر به صرفه جوئی در آب مصرفی و افزایش محصول می‌گردد اما اجرا و بهره برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری تحت فشار مستلزم تامین انرژی، و ادوات و لوازم مرتبط بوده و در نهایت منجر به انتشار گاز‌های گلخانه‌ای خواهد شد. در این رابطه یکی از فاکتور‌های تخریب محیط زیست پدیده گرمایش جهانی ناشی از انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن می‌باشد. در تحقیق حاضر سامانه‌های آبیاری قطره‌ای اجرا شده در سطح استان قزوین در سال 1388- 1399 به صورت تصادفی انتخاب گردید و از منظر جریان انرژی و انتشار گاز‌های گلخانه‌ای مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. با توجه به ضرایب معادل انرژی و ضریب انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن، مجموع انرژی ورودی و انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن برای سامانه آبیاری قطره‌ای محاسبه گردید. مجموع انرزی مصرفی و انتشار گاز گلخانه‌ای دی‌اکسید کربن معادل، سالیانه در سامانه‌های مورد ارزیابی به طور متوسط به ترتیب به میزان 68/36202 مگاژول و 07/1974 کیلوگرم در هرهکتار بوده است. بیشترین سهم انرژی مصرفی وانتشار دی‌اکسید کربن به ترتیب با 27/85 درصد و 15/86 درصد مربوط به مرحله بهره برداری ایستگاه پمپاژ بوده است. تولید لوازم مصرفی سامانه و حمل آن 83/12درصد از انرژی مصرفی و93/10درصد از انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن را به خود اختصاص داده است. نتایج محاسبات جریان انرژی وانتشار دی‌اکسید کربن نشان داد به طور متوسط مصرف انرزی و انتشار به مقدار 035/543 گیگا‌ژول و 611 /29 تن معادل گاز دی‌اکسید کربن گلخانه‌ای در واحد هکتار در مدت زمان عمر اقتصادی ومفید یک سامانه آبیاری قطره‌ای می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• انرژی معادل
• پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی
• جریان انرژی
• دی‌اکسید کربن معادل
• سامانه قطره‌ای

موضوعات

• سامانه های نوین آبیاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis of Drip Irrigation Systems (A Case Study: Qazvin Province, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

• mehdie mohammadkhanie ¹
• abbas sotoodehnia ²
• Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh ³
• Hadi Ramezani Etedali ⁴

¹ phd student

² قزوین- دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی سازمان مرکزی عباس ستوده نیا

³ Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resourses, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

⁴ Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resourses, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

چکیده [English]

Pressurized irrigation systems are efficient tools for improving agricultural water productivity. Although increasing irrigation efficiency leads to saving water and increasing water efficiency, the implementation and usage of pressurized irrigation systems require energy supply and related tools and equipment, followed by greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, one of the factors in the degradation of the environment is the phenomenon of global warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. In the present study, drip irrigation systems implemented in Qazvin province during 2010-2020 were randomly selected and evaluated for energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, 17 drip irrigation systems, including pistachio, apple, peach, and nectarine crops, were randomly selected and studied in terms of energy flow and emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the energy equivalent coefficients and carbon dioxide emissions coefficient, the total input energy and carbon dioxide emissions for the drip irrigation systems were calculated. The country's agricultural authorities have considered and invested in the development and implementation of pressurized irrigation systems as one of the methods for proper use of water. Due to the phenomenon of global warming, the primary source of which is greenhouse gas emissions, any activity in the production of equipment, energy, and mechanization of irrigation systems leads to the production of greenhouse gases, which in turn increases the air temperature and crop water requirements and climate change. Given the phenomenon of global warming, the main source of which is the production of greenhouse gases, any activity in the direction of the production of equipment, energy, and mechanization of irrigation systems leads to the production of greenhouse gases, which in turn increase the temperature and change the need for water and climate change.

Materials and methods

In this research, after collecting data on drip irrigation systems at different stages of equipment supply, we used drilling machines, welding equipment, and manpower based on the equivalent energy extracted from the sources for each of the stages of equivalent energy in terms of Megajoules. The process of implementation and operation of the irrigation system was calculated, and then we used greenhouse gas emission coefficients for three important greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and methane, and considered the global warming potential of each gas using the relation "Greenhouse effect =" ∑_"i" ▒"m" _"i" "×" 〖"GWP" 〗_"i" that "i" is The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to the emitted from the installation and operation of the drip system.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the total annual energy consumption and carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions in the evaluated irrigation systems averaged 36,2022.68 MJ per hectare and 1974.07 Kg/ha, respectively. The results showed that the highest share contribution of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions with 85.27% and 86.15%, respectively, are related to the operation stage of the pumping station system. Besides, the production of system equipment and its transportation to the project site accounted for 12.83% of energy consumption and 10.93% of carbon dioxide emission. The results of energy flow calculations and carbon dioxide emissions using equivalent energy coefficients, global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emissions coefficient showed that the average total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, due to equipment supply, system installation, and the operation of the pumping station, are 534,035 GJ and 29.611 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare in the period of fifteen years of the economic and useful life of a drip irrigation system. If the irrigation systems are evaluated from an environmental point of view, air pollutants emissions can be considered an influential factor. This issue has been neglected in the country concerning systems evaluation.

Conclusion

The findings of this study show that the amount of energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions in different stages of drip irrigation systems are very different from each other and the energy consumed in the pumping stage to provide the required working pressure has the largest share. Factors affecting pump power It seems that by applying water consumption management, selecting pumps with higher efficiency, and avoiding imposing additional load on the network, energy consumption in the pumping network can be reduced. On the other hand, due to the efficiency of electricity production in power plants in Iran and its efficiency of transmission and distribution, if the mentioned efficiencies are improved, the equivalent of energy consumption due to electricity consumption in the pumping stage will be reduced. Due to the topographic conditions and geometric shape of farms and their distance from factories producing equipment, energy consumption and subsequent carbon dioxide emissions for different farms will not be a fixed number. The share of all practical steps except pumping energy consumption will be reduced annually.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Equivalent energy
• Global warming potential
• Energy flow
• Equivalent carbon dioxide
• Drip system