نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• افشین یوسف گمرکچی ¹
• نادر عباسی ²
• محمد حسین هادی تواتری ³

¹ بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قزوین، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

² عضو هیئت علمی موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

³ مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قزوین

چکیده

تحلیل اطلاعات پایه و شناخت جامع و دقیق از عوامل موثر بر تولید در بخش کشاورزی، یکی از مهم ترین و اساسی ترین ابزار برنامه ریزی در بخش کشاورزی است. این پژوهش، با هدف اندازه‌گیری حجم آب کاربردی باغات زیتون تحت مدیریت بهره‌برداران در قطب تولید زیتون استان قزوین در سال زراعی 98-1397 اجرا شد. بدین‌منظور حجم آب داده شده توسط باغداران و عملکرد محصول در باغات زیتون اندازه‌گیری شد. مقادیر اندازه‌گیری شده با نیاز خالص آبیاری که به روش پنمن- مانتیث با استفاده از داده‌های هواشناسی 10 سال اخیر برآورد شدند و همچنین با مقادیر سند ملی آب مقایسه شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد میانگین حجم آب کاربردی در باغات زیتون مورد مطالعه در منطقه طارم، 6006 مترمکعب در هکتار و میانگین بهره‌وری آب آبیاری در باغات مورد مطالعه 13/1 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و بهره‌روری آب آبیاری و بارش موثر برابر با 78/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب بوده است. در این راستا بالاترین شاخص شاخص بهره وری آب کشاورزی، در باغات متراکم زیتون ثبت شده است. نتایج تجزیه واریانس تاثیر روش‌های مختلف آبیاری بر حجم آب کاربردی و عملکرد زیتون نشان داد روش‌های آبیاری (قطره‌ای و سطحی)، اختلاف معنی‌داری در حجم آب کاربردی و عملکرد باغات زیتون مورد مطالعه نداشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• باغات زیتون
• بهره‌وری آب
• راندمان آبیاری
• نیاز آبی زیتون

موضوعات

• منابع و مصارف آب

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Volume of Applied Water and Agricultural Water Productivity in Olive Production in Qazvin Province

نویسندگان [English]

• afshin uossef gomrokchi ¹
• Nader Abbassi ²
• mohammad hossein hadi tavatori ³

¹ Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Qazvin, Iran.

² Professor, AERI

³ qazvin AREEO

چکیده [English]

Introduction

Despite the importance of determining indicators of water consumption management in the agricultural sector for use in national macro-planning, so far, indicators of water consumption management in the production of agricultural and horticultural crops have received less attention. This matter is of double importance regarding the programs to improve the efficiency of water consumption. In this regard, the determination of the volume of applied water, as one of the important and influential indicators in agricultural planning, should be considered. Therefore, conducting a research that can lead to more accurate information about the amount of water used for various agricultural and horticultural crops in the country is necessary and necessary, and its results can be of great help to the decision-making of officials related to water and agriculture.



Methodology

Qazvin province is one of the poles of olive production in the country, and the most important olive growing areas of the province are located in Tarem region, between Gilan and Zanjan provinces. The cultivated area of olive orchards in the province in 2017 was 9,300 hectares, and the area of fertile olive orchards was about 6,500 hectares. Also, the average yield of olives in the province is estimated at 2977 kg/hectare. This research was conducted with the aim of directly measuring the water consumption of olives in the olive production pole of Qazvin province (Taram region). Olive is the main product of gardeners in most villages of this region and is the only source of income for many villagers. So that more than 90% of gardeners' economy depends on the production of olives, and olives are their main product in 45 villages out of 105 villages in the region. In this regard, due to the severe limitation of water resources in the region and the development of new olive orchards, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of water consumed by the orchards and plan based on the monitoring of the current state of water resources exploitation. In this research, measuring the amount of olive water consumed by considering various factors such as; Irrigation method, size of garden plots, soil texture, quality of water and soil resources, planting intervals and the level of education of the users were done. For this purpose, selected gardens for measuring water consumption were chosen in such a way as to cover the diversity of these factors. The volume of water given was measured with WSC flume (depending on the flow rate from type 3 to 5) or ultrasonic flow meter without interfering in the farmers' irrigation program. In the current research, in order to monitor the flow rate of the pumping station in pressurized irrigation systems, an ultrasonic flow meter device model PERCISION FLOW190PD was used and after the hydraulic test and calibration, the flow rate of the pumping station was measured in the selected gardens. After determining the amount of water entering the garden by carefully monitoring the garden irrigation schedule (watering time, irrigation cycle, number of irrigation times during the growth period), the amount of water consumed by the olive crop was measured for each of the selected gardens. Also, effective rainfall was estimated by SCS method.





Results and Discussion

The results showed that the range of irrigation water depth changes was between 5 and 30 mm with an average of 18 mm and a standard deviation of 17.7 mm. The minimum and maximum number of irrigations were 18 and 90 with an average of 39 and a standard deviation of 19.91. The average volume of applied water in the studied olive orchards in Tarem region was 6006 m3/ha with a standard deviation of 1517 m3/ha in all types of irrigation methods. The average yield of olives in the studied orchards in 2018 was equal to 5.46 tons/ha with a standard deviation of 4.8 tons/ha, which was higher than the average yield of the province (3 tons/ha). According to the amount of water consumed and the yield, the average irrigation water efficiency in the studied orchards is 1.13 kg/m3 and the irrigation water efficiency and effective rainfall is equal to 0.78 kg/m3. In this regard, the highest index of agricultural water productivity index was recorded in dense olive groves of the region with the amount of 3.58 kg/m3. The most important reasons for the high agricultural water productivity index can be mentioned such as appropriate plant nutrition, proper fertilization of the land and soil texture modification, observance of horticulture principles, low-problem irrigation system, regular and correct irrigation cycle, and trained workers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Irrigation water requirement
• Olive orchards
• Water consumption
• Water productivity