نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 اعضای هیات علمی موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 عضو هیات علمی موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران

چکیده

این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی حجم آب آبیاری و بهره­ وری آب 35 محصول زراعی و باغی در ایران اجرا شد. اندازه­گیری ­های میدانی شامل حجم آب آبیاری و عملکرد محصول برای حداقل یک فصل زراعی در قطب­ های تولید هر محصول بود. دوازده محصول زراعی (گندم، برنج، جو، ذرت­ علوفه ­ای، یونجه، چغندرقند، نیشکر، لوبیا، آفتابگردان، پنبه، کلزا، سویا)، 17 محصول باغی (زعفران، سیب، زیتون، پرتقال، نارنگی، هلو، شلیل، آلو، لیمو، انجیر، انگور، خرما، انار، گردو، بادام، پسته، گیلاس) و 6 سبزی و صیفی (گوجه­ فرنگی، هندوانه، سیب­زمینی، خیار، خربزه، پیاز) در این تحقیق در نظر گرفته شدند. این محصولات بیش از 85  درصد از سطح زیرکشت و تولیدات آبی کشور را در استان­ های مختلف پوشش می ­دادند. برای هر محصول حجم آب آبیاری در یک فصل زراعی و عملکرد گیاهان زراعی برای یک سال و یا میانگین دوساله ولی برای گیاهان باغی با توجه به تغییرات اقلیمی و سرمازدگی که عملکرد باغ­ ها را تحت تاثیر قرار می ­دهد، میانگین عملکرد 3-1 سال تعیین و در تحلیل­ ها استفاده شد. بهره ­وری فیزیکی آب آبیاری از نسبت عملکرد محصول به حجم آب آبیاری و بهره­ وری آب از نسبت عملکرد محصول به حجم آب (مجموع حجم آب آبیاری و بارش موثر) و درآمد ناخالص در واحد حجم آب آبیاری از حاصل­ضرب عملکرد محصول در قیمت فروش بخش بر حجم آب آبیاری محاسبه شد. در این پژوهش، برای تعیین محصولات همگن از نظر شاخص‌های مورد بررسی (حجم آب آبیاری، بهره‌وری آب، و غیره) از مدل تحلیل خوشه‌ای استفاده گردید. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد میانگین حجم آب آبیاری محصولات مختلف از 3984 مترمکعب بر هکتار برای کلزا تا 32500 مترمکعب بر هکتار برای نیشکر متغیر است. میانگین وزنی حجم آب آبیاری (نسبت به سطح زیرکشت) 35 محصول مورد مطالعه 8032 مترمکعب بر هکتار تعیین گردید که این شاخص به تفکیک محصولات باغی، زراعی و سبزی و صیفی به­ ترتیب 9162، 7669 و 7247 مترمکعب بر هکتار است. حجم کل آب مورد استفاده برای 35 محصول مورد مطالعه 61/7 میلیارد مترمکعب و حجم کل آب آبیاری دیگر محصولاتی که در این تحقیق ارزیابی نشده بودند، 9/4 میلیارد مترمکعب برآورد شد. در مجموع، حجم کل آب مورد استفاده برای آبیاری محصولات آبی کشور 71/1 میلیارد مترمکعب برآورد می ­شود که حدود 70 درصد حجم کل آب تجدیدپذیر کشور است. میانگین وزنی بهره ­وری آب آبیاری و آب محصولات مورد مطالعه به ­ترتیب 1/9 و 1/5 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب تعیین شد که با مقدار هدف ­گذاری­ شده در برنامۀ چشم ­انداز 20 ساله بسیار نزدیک است. از نظر شاخص درآمد ناخالص به ازای واحد حجم آب آبیاری، زعفران و پسته بیشترین، و نیشکر، سویا، جو، ذرت ­علوفه ­ای، گندم و یونجه کمترین مقدار این شاخص را داشته ­اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Review of Water Consumption Management Indicators of different Crops in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fariborz Abbasi 1
  • M. Akbari 1
  • Abolfazl Nasseri 1
  • Nader Abbassi 1
  • J. Baghani 1
  • M. Joleini 1
  • Mohammad Ali Shahrokhnia 1
  • Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam 1
  • Saloome Sepehri Sadeghian 1
  • M. Moayeri 1
  • A.R. Hassanoghli 1
  • Abolghasem Haghayeghi 1
  • Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi 1
  • syeed Hassan mousavifazl 1
  • M.R. Yazdani 2

1 Member of scientific board, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

2 Member of scientific board, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
In terms of water consumption in different sectors, in Iran as in other countries, a significant part of surface and groundwater resources is used in agricultural sector. For the amount of water consumed in Iran's agricultural sector, different numbers have been reported in various sources. In the past three decades, water consumption in agricultural sector in various sources and methods has been reported between 44 and 86 billion cubic meters (Movaheddanesh, 1994; Ghodratnema, 1998; Mohammad-Vali-Samani, 2005; Nasseri et al., 2017; 2018). The physical water productivity is also one of the important indicators of irrigation management, which is determined by using the amount of product produced per unit of applied irrigation water. Abbasi et al. (2017) estimated and analyzed water productivity values in Iran for different years. They estimated the values of water productivity varying from 0.94 to 1.29 kg/m3 and average being 1.07 kg/m3. Abbasi et al. (2019) also showed that water productivity index in Iran had an upward trend with a slope of 0.045 kg per year. It varied from 1.0 kg/m3 in 2008 to about 1.45 kg/m3 in 2017. Past researches regarding the estimation of water consumption in agricultural sector have been reported with estimation methods such as water balance method, which was not accurate and was associated with errors. On the other hand, the figures presented for the amount of water consumed in agricultural sector are very different and there are doubts about their accuracy. Despite the importance of the issue, accurate information on the amount of irrigation water for agricultural crops in different regions of Iran is not available and this issue has always been one of the main concerns of the water industry managers and planners. Therefore, carrying out a research work that leads to more accurate numbers about the amount of applied irrigation water for different crops, can be of great help to the decision-making of officials related to water and agriculture. The main goal of this article is a comprehensive evaluation of water management indicators in agricultural sector (including the water productivity and applied irrigation water for different crops).
Methodology
Field measurements including applied irrigation water and crop yield were carried out for at least one cropping season in the production hubs of each crop. Twelve crops included 12 wheat, rice, barley, fodder corn, alfalfa, sugar beet, sugar cane, beans, sunflower, cotton, rapeseed, and soybean, 17 garden crops included saffron, apple, olive, orange, tangerine, peach, nectarine, plum, lemon, fig, grape, date, pomegranate, walnut, almond, pistachio, and cherry and 6 vegetable and summer crops were tomato, watermelon, potato, cucumber, melon, and  onion. These crops covered more than 85% of the cultivated area and irrigated lands in different provinces. For each crop, applied irrigation water was measured in a crop season and the yield for one year or the average of two years, but for garden plants, due to climate changes and frost damages, the average yield of 1-3 years was determined and used in the analysis. Physical water productivity of irrigation water from the ratio of crop yield to applied irrigation water and water productivity from the ratio of crop yield to water (total volume of irrigation water and effective precipitation) and gross income per unit of applied irrigation water was calculated from the product of crop yield in the sales price divided by the applied irrigation water. In this research, the cluster analysis model was used to determine the homogeneous crops.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that applied irrigation water for different crops varied from 3984 for rapeseed to 32500 cubic meters per hectare for sugarcane. So that the weighted average applied irrigation water of 35 studied crops was determined to be 8032 cubic meters per hectare.
This index was 9162, 7669 and 7247 cubic meters per hectare for garden, agricultural, vegetable and summer crops, respectively. Also, the total applied water used for the 35 studied crops was estimated at 61.7 billion cubic meters and the total irrigation water for other crops that were not evaluated in this research was estimated at 9.4 billion cubic meters. The total water used in irrigated crops was estimated at 71 billion cubic meters, which was about 70% of the total renewable water in Iran. The weighted average of irrigation water productivity and water productivity of the studied crops was determined as 1.9 and 1.5 kg/m3, respectively. Saffron and pistachio provided the highest gross income per unit of irrigation water and sugarcane, soybean, barley, fodder corn, wheat and alfalfa had the lowest values.
Conclusions
The results of this research provided valuable information for managers and decision makers in different provinces of Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Applied irrigation water
  • physical productivity
  • cluster analysis
  • gross income
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