نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمد جلینی ¹
• سید ابو القاسم حقایقی مقدم ¹
• محمدمهدی نخجوانی مقدم ²

¹ عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی خراسان رضوی

² استادیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

هدف از اجرای این پروژه، اندازه‌گیری حجم آب آبیاری، عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب در مزارع پنبه تحت مدیریت کشاورزان در استان خراسان رضوی بود. مزارع آزمایشی طوری انتخاب شدند که عوامل مختلف از جمله روش آبیاری، بافت خاک و کیفیت آب آبیاری را پوشش دهند. در کل استان جمعا 51 مزرعه پنبه در شهرستان‌های سبزوار، بردسکن، نیشابور، خواف، رشتخوار و سرخس انتخاب شدند. مزارع منتخب در طول سال 1397 مورد پایش زراعی و آبی قرار گرفتند. برداشت اطلاعات مزارع منتخب، از طریق مراجعه حضوری به مزارع، تکمیل پرسشنامه، نمونه‌برداری از خاک و منبع آبی مزارع، ثبت برنامه آبیاری و اندازه‌گیری دبی منبع آب انجام شد. نیاز آبی پنبه در مناطق مختلف محاسبه و با میزان آب آبیاری کشاورزان مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که دامنه تغییرات مقدار آب آبیاری در مزارع استان بین 4920 تا 17620 مترمکعب بر هکتار متغیر و متوسط میزان آب آبیاری در مزارع برابر 9830 مترمکعب بر هکتار بود. دامنه تغییرات مقدار عملکرد پنبه نیز بین 1000 تا 6300 کیلوگرم بر هکتار متغیر بود و متوسط عملکرد محصول برابر 3078 کیلوگرم بر هکتار بدست آمد. همچنین دامنه تغییرات مقدار بهره‌وری آب پنبه بین 102/0 تا 957/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و متوسط آن برابر با 357/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب بود. میانگین بهره‌وری آب در دو روش آبیاری سطحی و قطره-ای به ترتیب برابر 318/0 و 669/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب حاصل شد. این امر بیانگر آنست که با تغییر روش آبیاری از سطحی به قطره‌ای، بهره-وری آب در مزارع پنبه استان بیش از 110 درصد قابل افزایش است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مدیریت آبیاری
• روشهای آبیاری
• آبیاری سطحی
• آبیاری قطره‌ای

موضوعات

• سامانه های نوین آبیاری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating of the Volume of Irrigation Water, yield and water productivity in cotton fields In Razavi Khorasan province

نویسندگان [English]

• mohammad Joleini ¹
• Abolghasem Haghayeghi ¹
• Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam ²

¹ Member of scientefic board, Agriculture Research Center of Khorasan Razavi

² Assistant Professor and Professor of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

This project was carried out in the field in order to determine the useful water of tomatoes in the fields under the management of farmers during one cropping season (2018). Six cities of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs were selected in Razavi Khorasan province, which have the largest area under cotton cultivation. At first, based on the data required by the project, a questionnaire containing necessary information for investigation and logical conclusion was prepared. The required data of the selected farms in each city were either measured or through face-to-face interviews with the farmer or were calculated and completed according to the data of the previous two stages. The measurements were carried out in type of water source, irrigation network and method and water source discharge, total level The field and area under cultivation of cotton crop, variety, planting arrangement, planting date, soil texture, electrical conductivity of irrigation water and soil saturation extract, date of first irrigation, irrigation cycle and different irrigation methods, etc. The Measured Applied water were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data (2009 to 2018) and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calculated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall).

The results showed that the amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Bardaskan region were 7369 m3/ha, 4583 kg/ha and 0.638 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Nysahabor region were determined as 9773 m3/ha, 3554 kg/ha and 0.528 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Sabzevar region were 9173 m3/ha, 3033 kg/ha and 0.225 kg/m3, respectively. In khaf region the amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity were 14791 m3/ha, 2821 kg/ha and 0.194 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Roshtkhar region were 11281 m3/ha, 3466 kg/ha and 0.327 kg/m3, respectively and The amount of applied water, the amount of Cotton yield and the water productivity in Sarakhs region were determined as 9004 m3/ha, 2113 kg/ha and 0.265 kg/m3, respectively. The average amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in above six regions were determined as 9830 m3/ha, 3078 kg/ha and 0.357 kg/m3, respectively. Also, the average volume of irrigation water, yield and productivity of water in the surface irrigation method were 10175 m3/ha, 2892 kg/ha and 0.318 kg/m3respectively, and in the drip irrigation method are 7242 m3/ha 4470 kg/ha and 0.649 kg/m3 was obtained.

In Razavi Khorasan province, underground water sources are facing a reservoir deficit. Therefore, efforts towards better use of extracted water and reducing exploitation of underground water resources are inevitable. In this project, the water given by the farmers for cotton production during one cropping season and without expert intervention in the irrigation management of the farmer was measured in the six plains of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs cities, which had the largest area under cotton cultivation in Razavi Khorasan province. The method of irrigation of the fields was surface and drip irrigation (type). The results showed that the average applied water, yield and water productivity in all investigated cotton fields were 9830 cubic meters per hectare, 3078 kg per hectare and 0.357 kg per cubic meter of water, respectively. The difference between the volume of applied water, performance and water efficiency in two methods of surface and drip irrigation was significant. Under the drip irrigation system, the amount of applied water is 30% less (7242 cubic meters per hectare versus 10175), the yield is 55% higher (4470 kg/hectare versus 2892) and the water productivity is about 104% higher (0.649 kg/cubic meter in vs. 0/318) was from the surface irrigation method.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Irrigation management
• Irrigation methods
• Surface irrigatin
• Drip irrigatin