نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

• محمدجواد منعم ¹
• انسیه محرابی ²

¹ گروه مهندسی و مدیریت آب دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

² دانش آموخته کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، و دبیر کمیته تخصصی آبیاری و زهکشی دفتر طرح تهیه ضوابط و معیارهای فنی صنعت آب کشور. تهران، ایران.

چکیده

محدودیت‌های منابع آب و بهره وری پایین مصرف آب کشاورزی موجب  هشدار بحران آب شده است. عبور از بحران بدون بهبود بهره‌وری امکان‌پذیر نیست. تحویل هکتاری موجب شده است آب تحویلی با نیاز آبی تطابق نداشته باشد و بهره‌وری کاهش یابد. تحویل حجمی متناسب با نیاز آبیاری موجب افزایش بهره‌وری می شود و جایگزینی آن مورد تاکید است. هدف این بررسی واکاوی مستندات و اقدامات مرتبط با تحویل حجمی آب و تعیین چالش‌های اجرای آن است که با ارزیابی مقایسه‌ای، تحلیلی و انتقادی آنها صورت گرفته است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد صدور مصوبات متعدد و پراکنده با فاصله­ های زمانی زیاد و تعیین ضرب الاجل‌های غیر واقع‌بینانه از جمله چالش‌های موجود است. فراهم نبودن پیش‌نیازها و الزام­ های تشکیلاتی تحویل حجمی، و توجه ناکافی به تبعات اقتصادی و اجتماعی آن از چالش‌های مهم محسوب می‌شود. ضعف هماهنگی‌های بین سازمانی، و حمایت‌های جبرانی برای انگیزه‌مندی بیشتر دست اندرکاران نیز از محدودیت‌های اجرای تحویل حجمی است. در مجموع می‌توان گفت اگرچه برای اجرای تحویل حجمی عزم جدی وجود دارد، اما اجرای کامل آن در ایران مستلزم اصلاح فرایندهای تصمیم‌گیری و مدیریتی و رفع چالش‌های شناسایی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• الزامات تشکیلاتی
• دستورالعمل
• راهنما
• قوانین و مقررات
• مصوبات

موضوعات

• حکمرانی آب

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigate the Challenges of Volumetric Water Delivery in Irrigation Networks by reviewing legal, technical, and managerial documents and actions

نویسندگان [English]

• Mohammad Javad Monem ¹
• Ensiyeh Mehrabi ²

¹ Department of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University

² Tarbiat Modares university M. Sc. Graduate, Secretary of Irrigation and Drainage committee, Office of the Standard of Water Industry

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
The limitations of water resources, and low productivity of agricultural water use, have long sounded the alarm of a water and food crisis. Sustainability of water resources and adaptation to water scarcity require increasing productivity and reducing water losses through improving water delivery in irrigation networks. Improving water delivery methods and their flexibility has long been the focus of researchers. A wide range of issues related to delivery methods and their technical aspects have been studied. However, the issue of volumetric and hectare-based water delivery has not been mentioned directly. This is because the generally accepted mechanisms for water delivery and payment of water fees are well respected internationally. Given good monitoring and reasonable water fee, there is less scope for water waste, which has resulted in volumetric delivery in practice.  In Iran where the importance of the issue of volumetric delivery has been emphasized, engineering research has focused on technical aspects of water delivery methods. Even though the importance of institutional, social, and legal aspects of volumetric water delivery is not less than that, for technical aspects, these issues are less considered. The conventional method of delivering water per hectare, and corresponding fee collection, has led to a mismatch between irrigation requirements, low productivity, and high water losses. Volumetric water delivery proportional to the actual irrigation needs while increasing productivity reduces water losses, and its replacement has been emphasized for years. Although important steps have been taken to implement volumetric delivery, it still faces many challenges. It is necessary to examine the legal, technical, and administrative records and the measures taken to implement volumetric water delivery. The challenges should be identified, and suggestions should be made to overcome them.
Results and Discussion
Review of the volumetric water delivery laws and regulations
In order to increase agricultural water productivity, the legal and executive determination to transition from hectare-based to volumetric water delivery has been seriously considered for at least 35 years. Significant time gaps exist between the enactment of laws and regulations, and several deadlines are determined for their execution. Reasons for this shortcoming include the slowness and inertia of the existing administrative system, unavailability of the prerequisites, and unrealistic deadlines. Due to the lack of attention to the drawbacks from time to time, the relevant laws and regulations have been re-examined. This has led to further complications and ambiguity in responsibilities. It highlights the need for reform of decision-making processes. Given the interagency nature of the issue, despite the formation of the required structure, the weakness of interagency coordination has delayed the implementation of the regulations. Reviewing the regulations and rules without a comprehensive pathology and identifying the main bottlenecks will not solve the existing problems.
Introducing the Guideline and Instruction for volumetric water delivery in irrigation networks
The Ministry of Energy prepares the guideline for volumetric water delivery in irrigation networks. The purpose of preparing the guideline is to provide the necessary conditions for delivering water in a volumetric manner for higher productivity and lower water losses. The three stages of the process are managing water distribution for volumetric delivery, providing the necessary equipment for volumetric delivery, and using an appropriate information system. The guideline explains the volumetric water delivery process under normal and drought conditions, and for paddy fields. The required training for managers and officials, water suppliers, and consumers is also described. The details of operational steps for the transition from hectare-based delivery to volumetric delivery are discussed. Oversimplification is done in evaluation of existing networks to establish volumetric delivery.
The instructions for volumetric water delivery were prepared by working group on adaptation to water scarcity. The purpose of the document is to create uniformity and improvement on volumetric water delivery process, and to increase water productivity. In this instruction, while providing the necessary definitions, the required executive structure at the national and provincial levels is proposed, and the duties and responsibilities of the relevant institutions are determined. The schedule for the implementation of the instruction and the prioritization of irrigation networks has also been determined.
The weakness of the guideline and the instruction are insufficient attention to the required pre-requisites, administrative, and financial consequences. It is necessary to revise and update the guideline and instruction according to the mentioned deficiencies.
Conclusions
It can be stated that for the full implementation of volumetric water delivery, it is necessary to reform the decision-making processes and continue the implementation of laws and regulations despite management changes. It is necessary to provide legal, credit, compensation, and motivation support to the relevant stakeholders. A comprehensive pathology analysis to remove obstacles facing volumetric water delivery should be done.
 Key words: Guideline, Instruction, Irrigation Networks, Laws, Regulations, Volumetric Delivery.
 Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This research was conducted without receiving financial support from any specific organization or institution.
Data Availability Statement
All data presented in the article are available from the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
Mrs. Mehrabi has provided the required documents, information, and references, and the corresponding author was responsible for other roles in preparing the article.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Ministry of Energy, Beurea of Technical & Operation Systems Development, and National Working Group of Adaptation to Water Shortage for their contribution to the volumetric water delivery.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Guidelines
• Instructions
• Laws
• and Regulations
• Organizational necessitudes